Gloses de Reichenau
Les Gloses de Reichenau ont été compilées au VIIIe siècle en Picardie[1],[2] pour aider les moines lisant la Bible Vulgate à comprendre les mots disparus ou qui avaient développé une nouvelle signification dans leur dialecte roman précoce. Chaque mot était glosé par un synonyme écrit sous forme latine, mais pas toujours d'origine latine. [3]
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Reichenau.
Dans le tableau ci-dessous, les mots évidemment non natifs tels que le formaggio italien (emprunté au français) ne sont pas comptés parmi les mots dérivés. Les sons qui peuvent ou non être présents dans un mot - selon le dialecte, le contexte phonétique ou d'autres facteurs - sont affichés en indice.
Archaic Term | Meaning | Gloss | Origin of Gloss | Derivatives of Gloss | Derivatives of Archaic Term |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
abdito | hidden | absconso | CL abscondito 'hidden' (cognate to abdito but with an additional prefix) had the variant absconso. | Pr. [as̺kóːs̺u~as̺kóns̺u] O.Fr [es̺kóns̺] O.Oc [es̺kós̺] Ct. [əs̺kúns̺] It. [askóːzo] O.Sp [es̺kúz̺o] O.Pt [es̺kúz̺o] Rm. [as̄kúns̄] |
— |
abio[lower-greek 1] | I go away | vado | This could mean 'I go' in CL, but the usual sense was 'wade'. | Pr. [βáːo] O.Fr [vói̯s̺][lower-roman 1] Fr. [vɛz] Ct. [bátʃ] Oc. [báu̯] Dl. [vís] It. [vɔ́x][lower-roman 2] Nea. [váːkə] Ast. [bó] Sp. [bói̯][lower-roman 3] Pt. [vóu̯] | |
abgetarii[lower-greek 2] | woodworkers | carpentarii | CL for 'wagon makers'. From Gaulish *karpantos 'chariot' with occupational suffix -arii. | Pr. [karpentáːrji]nom O.Fr [tʃarpentjǽr] | |
Pr. [karpentáːrjos̺]acc O.Fr [tʃarpentjǽrs̺] Fr. [ʃaχpɑ̃tjez] Oc. [kaɾpentjɛ́s̺] Sp. [kaɾpintéɾos̺] Pt. [kɐɾpĩntéi̯ɾuʃ] | |||||
absintio | wormwood | aloxino | Greek ἀλόη όξίνης[7] 'bitter aloe'. | Pr. [alɔ́ks̺ɪna] O.Fr [alúi̯z̺nə] Fr. [alɥinə] O.Sp [alóz̺na] Pt. alosna |
Pr. [aps̺ɪ́ntsjo] Oc. [au̯s̺én] Dl. ascianz O.It [asséntso] Sp. [axéŋxo] |
adolescentia | youth | iuventus | CL synonym. | Pr. [ɟʊβɛ́ntu] O.Fr [dʒovɛ́nt] Oc. [dʒuβén] Ct. [ʒuβént] |
— |
Pr. [ɟʊβentúːte] Oc. [dʒuβentýt] Ct. [ʒuβəntút] O.It [dʒoventúːde] It. [dʒoventú] Sp. [xuβentúð] Pt. [ʒuvẽntúðɨ] | |||||
aculeus | stinger | aculeonis | Romance derivative of the older term. | Pr. [akuʎʎóːne] Fr. [ɛɡɥijɔ̃] Oc. [aɣyʎú] Sp. [aɣixón] Gal. [aɣiʎóŋ] | |
aes | bronze | eramen | LL derivative composed of aes (oblique stem aer-) and material suffix -men. | Pr. [aráːmen] Fr. [ɛʁɛ̃] Oc. [aɾán] Ct. [əɾám] Rs. arom It. [ráːme] Sd. [ráːmɛnɛ] Gal. arame Pt. [ɐɾɐ́mɨ] Rm. [arámə] | |
Pr. [aráːmɪne][8] Sp. [alámbɾe] | |||||
ager | field | campus | CL synonym. | Pr. [kámpʊs̺]nom O.Fr [tʃáns̺] |
Pr. [áːɣru] O.Fr [ái̯rə] Fr. [ɛʁə] O.Oc agre 'eyrie' It. [áːgro] Gal. agra Rm. [áɡru] 'field, land' |
Pr. [kámpu]acc O.Fr [tʃámp] Fr. [ʃɑ̃] Oc. [kán] Ct. [kám] Rs. champ It. [kámpo] Nea. [kámbə] Sp. [kámpo] Sd. [kámpu] Dl. [kúmp] Pt. [kɐ̃́mpu] Rm. [kɨ́mp] | |||||
annuant | that they nod | cinnant | Verb based on LL cinnus 'wink', itself of unclear origin. | Pr. [kɪ́nnant] O.Fr [tsénənt] O.Oc [tsénan] It. [attʃénnano]+pref Pt. [ɐsénɐ̃ũ̯]+pref |
— |
anxiaretur | that he be distressed |
angustiaretur | LL verb based on CL angustia 'tribulations, difficulties'. | Pr. [aŋgʊ́s̺tsjat] O.Fr [aŋgói̯.s̺əθ] Fr. [ɑ̃ɡwasə] Oc. [aŋgúi̯.s̺ɔ] Ct. [əŋɡóʃə] It. [aŋgóʃʃa] |
O.It ansia Sp. [ans̺ía] Pt. [ɐ̃síɐ] 'eagerly await' |
aper | boar | salvaticus porcus | Porcus is CL for 'pig'. Salvaticus reflects Pr. evolution of CL silvaticus 'wild'. | Pr. [pɔ́rkʊs̺ s̺alβáːtɪkʊs̺]nom O.Fr [pɔ́rs̺ s̺alvádʒəs̺] | Pr. [ápru] Sd. [pɔɾkáːβɾu][lower-roman 4] |
Pr. [pɔ́rku s̺alβáːtɪku]acc O.Fr [pɔ́rk s̺alvádʒə] Fr. [pɔχ sovaʒə] Oc. [pɔ́ɾk s̺alβádʒe] Ct. [pɔ́ɾk s̺əlβádʒə] Rs. portg selvadi Dl. [pwárk salvútik] It. [pɔ́rko salváːtiko] Rm. [pórk s̄əlbátik] | |||||
arbusta | orchards | arbricellus | Diminutive of arbor 'tree'. | Pr. [arβorɪs̺kɛ́ɭɭu] O.Fr [arbris̺ɛ́l] Fr. [aʁbʁiso] Oc. [aɾbɾis̺ɛ́l] 'shrubbery' It. [arboʃʃɛ́llo] 'sapling' |
Gal. albustre |
area | threshing floor | danea | Frankish *dannja. | Wal. dègne[9] | Pr. [áːrja] O.Fr [ái̯rə] Fr. [ɛʁə] Oc. [jɛ́ɾɔ] Ct. [éɾə] It. [áːja] Sp. [éɾa] Pt. [ɐ́i̯ɾɐ] Rm. arie |
arena | sand | sabulo | CL for 'gravel'. | Pr. [s̺aβlóːne] Fr. [sablɔ̃] Oc. [s̺aβlú] Ct. [s̺au̯ɫó] Rs. [səblún] It. [sabbjóːne] Dl. [salbáu̯ŋ] Sp. [s̺aβlón] Ist.Rm [salbún] |
Pr. [aréːna] O.Fr [aréi̯nə] Oc. [aɾénɔ] Ct. [əɾɛ́nə] It. [réːna] Nea. [réːnə] Sp. [aɾéna] Gal. area Pt. [ɐɾɐ́i̯ɐ] Arm. [arínə] |
armilla | bracelet | baucus | Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *baugaz, which had the same sense. | O.Fr [bɔ́u̯] | Pr. [armɪ́ɭɭa] Sp. [aɾméʎa] |
atram | black | nigram | More usual CL synonym. | Pr. [nɪ́ɣra] O.Fr [néi̯rə] Fr. [nwaʁə] Oc. [néɣɾɔ] Ct. [nɛ́ɣɾə] Rs. [nái̯rə] Dl. [njára] It. [néːɾa] Nea. [nɛ́u̯rə] Sp. [néɣɾa] Pt. [néɣɾɐ] Rm. [ne̯áɡrə] | — |
axis | axle | ascialis | Axis with adjective-forming suffix -alis. | Pr. [aks̺áːle] O.Fr [ai̯.s̺ǽl] |
Pr. [áks̺e] Fr. [ɛ] 'plank' Oc. [ái̯s̺] Ct. [éʃ] It. [ásse] Sp. [éxe] Ast. [éi̯s̺] Pt. [éi̯.ʃu] 'beam, axle' |
Pr. [aks̺íːle] O.Fr [ai̯.s̺íl] Fr. [esjø] | |||||
benignitate | kindness | bonitate | CL contextual synonym. | Pr. [bonɪtáːte] O.Fr [bontǽθ] Fr. [bɔ̃te] Oc. [buntát] Ct. [bundát] O.It [bontáːde] It. [bontáx] Sp. [bondáð] Pt. [bõndáðɨ] Rm. [bunətáte] |
— |
binas | in pairs | duas et duas | Periphrase, 'two and two'. | Fr. deux à deux It. due a due Sp. de dos en dos Pt. de dois em dois | |
calamus | pen for writing | penna | CL for 'feather'. | Pr. [pɪ́nna] O.Fr [pénə] It. [pénna] Sic. [pínna] Pt. [pénɐ] Rm. [pe̯ánə] |
Pr. [káːlamu] O.Fr [tʃálmə] Fr. [ʃomə] 'stubble, thatch' |
callidior | more devious | vitiosior | Comparative form of CL vitiosus 'wicked, corrupt'. The core noun vitium 'sin' is common in Christian writings. | Pr. [βɪtsjóːs̺u] O.Fr [vei̯dzóu̯s̺] Oc. [bisjús̺] 'depraved' It. [vettsóːso] 'charming' |
— |
calumpniam | slander | contentio | CL for 'quarrel, dispute'. | Pr. [tentsjóːne] Oc. [tens̺ú] | Pr. [kalʊ́mɲa] O.Fr [tʃalóɲdʒə] O.Oc [kalóɲdʒa] Sp. [kalóɲa] Pt. [kwĩ́mɐ] |
calx | heel | calcaneum | Rare CL synonym composed of calx and -aneum. | Pr. [kalkáɲɲu] O.Fr [kalkái̯n][10] Oc. dial. [kau̯káɲ] O.Ct [kəɫkáɲ] Rs. chalchagn It. [kalkáɲɲo] Sd. carcàngiu O.Sp [kalkáɲo] Arom. cãlcãnju Rm. [kəlkɨ́i̯] |
— |
canere | to sing | cantare | CL frequentative form of canere. | Pr. [kantáːre] O.Fr [tʃantǽr] Fr. [ʃɑ̃te] Oc. [kantá] Ct. [kəntá] Rs. chantar Dl. [kantúr] It. [kantáːɾe] Nea. [kandá] Sd. [kantáːɾe] Sp. [kantáɾ] Pt. [kɐ̃ntáɾ] Rm. [kɨntáre] | |
cartallo | basket | panario | CL for 'breadbasket', composed of pane 'bread' and locational suffix -ario. | Pr. [panáːrju] O.Fr [panjǽr] Fr. [panje] Oc. [panjɛ́ɾ] O.It [panáːjo] Nea. [panáːrə] Sp. [panéɾo] Pt. [pɐnɐ́i̯ɾu] | |
caseum | cheese | formaticum | LL formaticus caseus, lit. 'cheese made in a mould'. | Pr. [formáːtɪku] O.Fr [formádʒə] Fr. [fχɔmaʒə] Oc. [fuɾmádʒe] Ct. [fuɾmádʒə] | Pr. [káːsju] Dl. [kís] It. dial. [káːʃo] Nea. [káːsə] Sd. [káːzu] Sp. [kés̺o] Pt. [kɐ́i̯ʒu] Rm. [káʃ] |
Pr. [kasjɔ́ːlu]dim Rs. chaschöl | |||||
crastro[lower-greek 3] | army camp | heribergo | Frankish *heriberga. | O.Fr herberge Oc. [alβɛ́rɣɔ] |
Pr. [kás̺tru] Ar. qaṣr[lower-roman 5] |
cementarii | masons | mationes | Frankish *makjo. Note confusion of Modèle:Angbr and Modèle:Angbr, which both represent [ts].[11] | O.Fr [matsóns̺] Fr. [masɔ̃z] Oc. [mas̺ús̺] |
O.Fr *cimentiers Fr. [simɑ̃tjez] |
cementariis | macionibus | ||||
cenacula | chambers | mansiunculas | Diminutive of CL mansiones 'lodges'. | Pr. [masjóːnes̺] O.Fr [mai̯.z̺óns̺] Fr. [mɛzɔ̃z] Oc. [mai̯.z̺ús] It. [madʒóːni] Sp. [mes̺ónes̺] O.Pt [mei̯.ʒṍes̺] 'houses' Sd. [mazɔ́ːnɛzɛ] 'herds' |
— |
cesis | beaten | flagellatis | CL for 'beaten with a whip'. | Pr. [flaɟeɭɭáːtos̺] O.Fr [flaəlǽts] | |
cibaria | food | cibus vivendi | Reminiscent of Pr. vivanda 'food', altered from CL vivenda 'that which is necessary for life'. | Pr. [βiβánda] O.Fr [vjándə] 'food' Fr. [vjɑ̃də] 'meat' Oc. [vjándɔ] It. [vivánda] 'food' | |
Pr. [βiβέnda] Sp. [biβjénda] Pt. [vivẽ́ndɐ] 'residence~housing' | |||||
clibanus | oven | furnus | CL synonym. | Pr. [fʊ́rnu]acc O.Fr [fórn] Fr. [fuʁ] Oc. [fúɾn] Ct. [fóɾn] Rs. fourn It. [fórno] Nea. [fwórnə] Sd. [fúrru] Sp. [óɾno] Pt. [fóɾnu] Arom. [fúrnu] | |
clivium | hill | montania | CL mont- 'mountain' with locational suffix -anea. | Pr. [montáɲɲa] O.Fr [montáɲə] Fr. [mɔ̃taɲə] Oc. [muntáɲɔ] Ct. [muntáɲə] Rs. [muntóɲə] It. [montáɲɲa] Nea. [mundáɲɲə] Sp. [montáɲa] Pt. [mõntɐ́ɲɐ] | |
coccinus | scarlet red | rubeus | CL for 'red'. | Pr. [rʊ́βjʊs̺]nom O.Fr [ródʒəs̺] | |
Pr. [rʊ́βju]acc O.Fr [ródʒə] Fr. [ʁuʒə] Oc. [rúdʒe] Ct. [rɔ́tʃ] Sd. [arrúβju] Sp. [rúβjo] Pt. [ʁúi̯vu] Rm. [rói̯b] | |||||
colliridam | type of pastry | turtam | CL tortam 'twisted' in reference to the pastry's shape. | Pr. [tʊ́rta] O.Fr [tórtə] Fr. [tuχtə] Oc. [túɾtɔ] Rs. turta Sd. [túɾta] It. [tórta] Dl. [túrta] Sp. [tóɾta] Rm. [túrtə] | |
commutatione | exchange | concambiis | Gaulish *kambjon. | Pr. [kámbju] Fr. [ʃɑ̃ʒə] Oc. [kámbi] It. [kámbjo] Sp. [kámbjo] Pt. [kɐ̃́mbju] Rm. [s̄kímb][lower-roman 6] | |
compellit | he urges | anetset | Frankish *anhattian[13]. | O.Fr [anétsəθ] O.It [aníttsa] O.Pt [anátsa] | |
concidit | he cut | taliavit | Verb based on CL talea 'cutting from a plant'. | Pr. [taʎʎát~taʎʎáu̯t] O.Fr [taʎáθ] Fr. [tɑja] Oc. dial. [taʎá] Ct. [təʎá] It. [taʎʎɔ́x] Sp. [taxó] Pt. [tɐʎóu̯] Rm. [təjé] | |
contumeliam | belittlement | verecundiam | CL for 'shame'. | Pr. [βerɣʊ́ɲɲa] Fr. [vɛʁɡɔɲə] Oc. [beɾɣúɲɔ] Ct. [bəɾɣóɲə] It. [verɡóɲɲa] Nea. [vrəɣɔ́ɲɲə] O.Sp [βeɾɣwéɲa] Ast. [beɾɣóɲa] Pt. [vɨɾɣóɲɐ] | |
Pr. [βerɣʊ́ntsja] Sd. [bɾeɣúnθa] Sp. [beɾɣwénθa] O.Pt [βeɾɣóntsa] | |||||
coturnices | quails | quacoles | Possibly from Frankish[14] if not a native word inherited from Proto-Italic[15]. Either way, likely onomatopoeic in origin. | Pr. [kwákkolas̺] O.Fr [káʎəs̺] Fr. [kɑjə.z] Oc. [káʎɔs̺] Ct. [ɡwáʎʎəs̺] Rs. quacras It. [kwáʎʎe] |
Pr. [kotʊrníːkes̺] O.It [kotorníːtʃi] Sp. [koðoɾníθes̺] Pt. [kuðuɾnízɨʃ] |
Pr. [kotʊrníːklas̺]dim Rm. [potɨrníkj][lower-roman 7] 'partridges' | |||||
scabrones[lower-greek 4] | hornets | wapces | Frankish *wapsa. | O.Fr [gwɛ́s̺pəs̺][lower-roman 8] Fr. [ɡɛpə.z] |
Pr. [karaβróːnes̺] It. [kalavróːni] Pt. [kɐ̃mbɾɐ̃́ũ̯ʃ] |
crebro[lower-greek 5] | sieve | crivolo | The product of liquid dissimilation, one of several ways that Pr. eliminated the sequence of two r's. The additional Modèle:Angbr is dubious. | Pr. [kríːβlu] Fr. [kχiblə] |
— |
Pr. [kríːβu] Sp. [kɾíβa]fem Pt. [kɾívu] | |||||
Pr. [kíːβru] Rm. [ʧjúr] | |||||
Pr. [kriβέɭɭu]dim Oc. [kɾiβέl] It. [krivέllo] | |||||
crura | shins | tibia | CL contextual synonym. | Pr. [tíːβja] O.Fr [tídʒə] Fr. [tíʒə] Oc. [tídʒɔ] Ca. [tíʒə] 'stem' | |
culmen | peak | spicus | CL had the masculine variant spicus alongside the more usual spica 'spike, ear of grain'. | Pr. [ɪs̺píːku]acc O.Fr [es̺pí] Fr. [epi] Oc. [es̺pík] Fri. [spí] Rm. [s̄pík] |
Pr. [kʊ́lmen] It. [kólmo] Gal. [kúme] Pt. [kúmɨ] Rm. [kúlme] |
Pr. [ɪs̺píːka] Oc. [es̺píɣɔ] Ct. [əs̺píɣə] Dl. [spái̯ka] Sd. [ispíːɣa] It. [spíːga] Sp. [es̺píɣa] Pt. [iʃpíɣɐ] |
Pr. [kʊ́lmɪne] Sp. [kúmbɾe] | ||||
cuncti | all | omnes | CL synonym. | Pr. [ɔ́mnes̺] O.It [ɔ́nni] |
— |
da | give | dona | CL synonym. | Pr. [dóːna] O.Fr [dónə] Fr. [dɔnə] Oc. [dúnɔ] Ct. [dónə] |
Pr. [dá] Oc. dial [dá] Rs. dai It. [dá] Dl. [dú] Sp. [dá] Pt. [dá] Rm. [də] |
denudare | lay bare | discooperire | CL cooperire 'cover' with dis as a negating prefix. | Pr. [dɪs̺koperíːre] O.Fr [des̺kovrír] Fr. [dekuvʁíʁ] Oc. [des̺kuβɾí] Ct. [dəs̺kuβɾí] Dl. [diskoprér] It. [diskopríːɾe] Sp. [des̺kuβɾíɾ] Pt. [dɨʃkuβɾíɾ] Rm. [des̄koperíre] | Pr. [dɪs̺nuðáːre] O.Fr [dez̺nuðǽr] Fr. [denɥe] 'deprive' Sp. [dez̺nuðáɾ] Pt. desnudar 'undress' |
detestare | revile | blasphemare | CL synonym borrowed from Greek βλασφημέειν. | Pr. [blas̺temáːre] O.Fr [blaz̺mǽr] Fr. [blɑme] Oc. [blai̯má] Ct. [bɫəz̺má] Rs. blastemmar It. [bestemmjáːɾe] Dl. [blasmúr] Sp. [las̺timáɾ] Pt. [lɐʃtimáɾ] Rm. [bles̄temáre] | — |
dilecta | beloved | amata | More usual CL synonym. | Pr. [amáːta] O.Fr [amǽðə] Fr. [ɛmeə][upper-roman 1] Oc. [ai̯máðɔ] Ct. [əmáðə] It. [amáːta] Sp. [amáða] Pt. [ɐmáðɐ] | |
ducta | led | menata | CL minata 'prodded, threatened' in reference to farm animals. | Pr. [mɪnáːta] O.Fr [mənǽðə] Fr. [məneə] Oc. [menáðɔ] Ct. [mənáðə] It. [menáːta] Rm. [mɨnátə] | Pr. [dʊ́kta] O.Fr [dúi̯tə] Fr. [kɔ̃dɥitə]+pref Oc. [kundýtʃɔ]+pref Ct. [dúi̯tə] It. [kondótta]+pref O.Sp [dútʃa] Rm. [dús̄ə] |
emit | he bought | comparavit | CL for 'obtained'. | Pr. [komparát~komparáu̯t] O.Fr [kompəráθ] Oc. dial. [kɾumpá] Ct [kumpɾá] It. [komprɔ́x] Sp. [kompɾó] Pt. [kõmpɾóu̯] Rm. [kumpərə́] 'bought' | — |
ensis | sword | gladius | More usual CL synonym. | Pr. [ɡláɟʊs̺] O.Fr [ɡlái̯s̺] 'sword lily' | |
escas | food | cibos | More usual CL synonym. | Pr. [kɪ́βos̺] Sp. [θéβos̺] Pt. [sévuʃ] 'bait' |
Pr. [ɛ́s̺kas̺~és̺kas̺] Fr. [ɛʃə.z] Oc. [és̺kɔs̺] Pt. [íʃkɐʃ] 'bait' Ct. [ɛ́s̺kəs̺] It. [éske] 'bait, tinder' Sp. [jés̺kas̺] Rm. [jéʃtʲ] 'tinder' |
exacerbaverunt | they irritated | exasperaverunt | CL synonym. An unprefixed version with a change in conjugation survived in Romance. | Pr. [as̺períːrʊnt] O.Fr [as̺prírənt] O.It [aspríːrono] |
— |
exaurire | to drain | scavare | CL excavare 'dig out, empty', composed of ex 'out' and cav- 'hollow'. | Pr. [es̺kaβáːre] O.Fr [es̺tʃavǽr] Oc. [es̺kaβá] Rs. stgavar It. [skaváːɾe] Sp. [es̺kaβáɾ] Pt. [iʃkɐváɾ] | |
exterminabit | he shall extirpate | eradicabit | CL synonym. | Pr. [eraðikáːre] O.Fr [aratʃjǽr] Fr. [aʁaʃe] O.Oc araigar Rm. [ridikáre] | |
exuerunt | they stripped | expoliaverunt | CL synonym. | Pr. [ɪs̺poʎʎáːrʊnt] O.Fr [es̺poʎǽrənt] It. [spoʎʎáːɾono] O.Sp [es̺poʒáɾon][upper-roman 2] Gal. [ez̺βuʎáɾõŋ] | |
faretra | quiver | teca sagittarum | Periphrase, 'container for arrows'. The first word is a CL borrowing from Greek θήκη; the latter is native. | Pr. [téːka] O.Fr [téi̯ə] Fr. [tɛə] 'pillowcase' It. [téːga] 'pod' Rm. [te̯ákə] 'case, sheath' | |
Pr. [s̺aɟɪ́ttas̺] O.Fr [s̺aétəs̺] Oc. [s̺adʒétɔs̺] Ct. [s̺əʒɛ́təs̺] O.It [saétte] Sd. [saíttaza] Sp. [s̺aétas̺] Pt. [sɛ́tɐʃ] Rm. [s̄ədʒétsʲ] | |||||
cupra | Frankish loan, cf. German Köcher. | O.Fr [kúi̯vrə] | |||
fatigatus | tired | lassus | CL synonym. | Pr. [lás̺s̺ʊs̺] O.Fr [lás̺] Fr. [lɑ] Oc. [lás̺] | |
femur | thigh | coxa | CL for 'hip'. | Pr. [kɔ́ks̺a] O.Fr [kúi̯.s̺ə] Fr. [kɥísə] Oc. [kɥɛ́i̯.s̺ɔ] Ct. [kúʃə] Rs. cossa It. [kɔ́ʃʃa] Sd. [kɔ́ssa] Sp. [kúxa] Pt. [kóʃɐ] Dl. [kópsa] Rm. [ko̯áps̄ə] 'thigh' | |
cingolo[lower-greek 6] | CL for 'belt'. | Pr. [kɪ́ŋɡla] O.Fr [tséŋɡlə] Fr. [sɑ̃ɡlə] Oc. [s̺éŋglɔ] Ct. [s̺íŋɡɫə] It. [tʃíŋɡja] Pt. [síʎɐ] | |||
Pr. [klɪ́ŋɡa] Nea. chienga Rm. [kíŋɡə] | |||||
ferus | savage | durus | CL for 'harsh, severe'. | Pr. [dúːrʊs̺]nom O.Fr [dúrs̺] Rs. [dírs][lower-roman 9] |
Pr. [fɛ́ːrʊs̺]nom O.Fr [fjɛ́rs̺] 'proud' |
Pr. [dúːru]acc O.Fr [dúr] Fr. [dyʁ] Oc. [dýɾ] Ct. [dú] Rs. [dír] Lom. [dýːr] It. [dúːro] Dl. [dói̯r] Sp. [dúɾo] Pt. [dúɾu] |
Pr. [fɛ́ːru]acc O.Fr [fjɛ́r] Fr. [fjɛʁ] It. [fjɛ́ːro] 'proud' Ct. [féɾ] Sp. [fjéɾo] 'wild' | ||||
fervet | it boils | bullit | CL synonym. | Pr. [bʊ́ɭɭɪt] O.Fr [bólt] Fr. [but] Oc. [búʎe] Ct. [búʎ] It. [bólle] Nea. [vɔ́ddə] Sd. [búɖɖɛ] Sp. [búʎe] 'boils' Pt. [búlɨ] 'fidgets' |
Pr. [fɛ́rβet] It. [fɛ́rve] 'has a fever' Sp. [ɟʝéɾβe] Pt. [fɛ́ɾvɨ] Rm. [fjérbe] |
fex | dregs | lias | Gaulish *ligas. | O.Fr [líəs̺] Fr. [liə.z] |
— |
flare | to blow | suflare | CL flare prefixed with sub. | Pr. [s̺ʊffláːre] O.Fr [s̺oflǽr] Fr. [sufle] Oc. [s̺uflá] Rs. suflar It. [soffjáːɾe] O.Sp [s̺oʎáɾ][21] Ast. [as̺weʎáɾ]+pref Pt. [supɾáɾ] Rm. [s̄ufláre] | |
flasconem | flask | buticulam | diminutive of LL buttis 'cask, barrel' from Greek βοῦττις. | Pr. [bʊttɪ́kla] O.Fr [botéʎə] Fr. [butɛjə] Oc. [butéʎɔ] |
O.Fr [flas̺kón] Fr. [flakɔ̃] Oc. [flas̺kú] Ct. [fɫəs̺kó] It. [fjásko] Sp. [fɾás̺ko] Pt. [fɾáʃku] |
fletur | there is weeping | planctur | An attempt to spell CL plangitur, 'there is mourning'. | Pr. [pláŋgere] O.Fr [plái̯ndrə] Fr. [plɛ̃dʁə] Oc. [pláɲe] Ct. [pɫáɲə] Dl. [plúŋɡrə] It. [pjáɲdʒeɾe] O.Sp [ʎaɲeɾ] O.Pt [tʃaɲdʒeɾ] Rm. [plɨ́ɲdʒere] |
— |
forum | marketplace | mercatum | CL contextual synonym | Pr. [merkáːtu] O.Fr [martʃjǽθ] Fr. [maχʃe] Oc. [meɾkát] Ct. [məɾkát] Rs. marchà Sd. [markáːðu] It. [merkáːto] Sp. [meɾkáðo] Pt. [mɨɾkáðu] |
Pr. [fɔ́ːru] O.Fr [fwɛ́r] Fr. [fyʁ] 'extent' Sp. [fwéɾo] 'law' Rom. [fór] 'plaza' |
framea | type of sword | gladius bisacutus | Bisacutus is LL for 'double-edged', from CL bis 'twice' + acutus 'sharpened'. | Pr. [bɪs̺akúːta] Fr. [bəzɛɡyə] 'carpenter's tool with two sides' It. [bizakúːta] 'double-edged' |
— |
furent[lower-greek 7] | that they steal | involent | CL involent 'they carry off'. | Pr. [ɪ́mβolent] O.Fr [émblənt] O.Oc [émblen] O.Ct emblen |
Pr. [fúːrant] It. [fúːɾano] Rm. [fúrə] |
Pr. [ɪmβóːlent] It. [invóːlano] | |||||
furvus | brown | brunus | Frankish *brūn. | O.Fr [brún]acc Fr. [bʁœ̃] Oc. [bɾý] Ct. [bɾú] Rs. dial. [brýn] It. [brúːno] Dl. [brói̯n] Sp. [bɾúno] Pt. [bɾúnu] | — |
fusiles | melted | fundutas | Romance past participle[22] of CL fundere 'melt'. | Pr. [fʊndúːtas̺] O.Fr [fondúðəs̺] Fr. [fɔ̃dyə] Oc. [fundýðɔs̺] O.It [fondúːte] 'melted' | |
Pr. [fʊndíːtas̺] Sp. [undíðas̺] 'collapsed' Ast. [fundí.es] Pt. [fũndíðɐʃ] 'smelted' | |||||
galea | helmet | helmus | Frankish *helm. | O.Fr [hɛ́lmə]acc Fr. [omə] It. [élmo] Sp. [ɟʝélmo] Pt. [ɛ́lmu] | |
genuit | she bore | generavit | CL synonym with more regular conjugations. | Pr. [ɡenerát~ɡeneráu̯t] O.Fr [dʒendráθ] Fr. [ɑ̃ʒɑ̃dʁa]+pref Oc. dial. [eŋʒendɾá]+pref Ct. [əŋʒəndɾá]+pref Sp. [eŋxendɾó]+pref Pt. [ʒɨɾóu̯] | |
gratia | thanks | merces | CL for 'goods, wages'. | Pr. [merkéːðe] O.Fr [mertsíθ] Fr. [mɛχsi] Oc. [meɾs̺é] O.It [mertʃéːde~mertʃé] 'thanks, mercy' It. [mertʃéːde] Sp. [meɾθéð] Pt. [mɨɾsé] 'mercy' | |
abenas[lower-greek 8] | reins | retinacula iumentorum | Periphrase, 'reins for pack animals'. Retinacula is akin to Pr. retinas, both derived from retinere 'hold back'. | Pr. [rɛ́ːtɪnas̺] O.Fr. [rɛ́ðnəs̺][23] Fr. [ʁɛnə.z] Oc. [rénnɔs̺] Ct. [rɛ́ŋnəs̺] It. [rɛ́ːdine] Sp. [rjéndas̺] Pt. [ʁɛ́ðjɐʃ] | |
Pr. [ɟumɛ́ntu] O.Fr [dʒumɛ́nt] Fr. [ʒymɑ̃] 'mare' O.It [dʒumɛ́nto] Nea. [ʃummɛ́ndə]fem O.Sp [ʒumjénto] Sp. [xuménto] Pt. [ʒumẽ́ntu] 'pack animal' | |||||
arundine[lower-greek 9] | reed | ros | Frankish *rausa. | O.Fr [rós̺] Oc. [rau̯s̺] | |
O.Fr. [roz̺ɛ́l]dim Fr. [ʁozo] | |||||
ebitatum[lower-greek 10] | weakened | bulcatum | Pr. verb based on CL bullire 'bubble, boil'. | Pr. [bʊɭɭɪkáːtu] O.Fr [boldʒjǽθ] Fr. [buʒe] Oc. [buleɣát] Ct. [bəʎuɣát] 'moved, agitated' It. [bulikáːto] 'boiled' | |
iacinctinas[lower-greek 11] | hyacinth-colored | persas | Ultimately from Persia, perhaps because garments imported from there had this color. | Fr. [pɛχsə] 'blue-green' |
Pr. [ɟakíntu] Fr. [ʒasɛ̃tə]fem Oc. [dʒas̺ín] Ct. [ʒəs̺ínt] |
hiems | winter | ibernus | Hibernus was a CL synonym | Pr. [iβɛ́rnʊs̺]nom O.Fr [ivɛ́rs̺] O.Oc iverns |
— |
Pr. [iβɛ́rnu~imβɛ́rnu]acc O.Fr [ivɛ́rn] Fr. [ivɛʁ] Oc. [iβɛ́ɾn] Ct. [iβɛ́ɾn] Rs. inviern Dl. [invjarnə] It. [iɱvɛ́rno] Sd. [iβérru] Sp. [imbjéɾno] Ast. [iβjéɾnu] Pt. [ĩmbɛ́ɾnu] Rm. [járnə]fem | |||||
horreis | granaries | spicariis | CL spica 'ear of grain' with locational suffix -arium. | Pr. [ɪs̺pikáːrju] O.Wal spir[24] 'provisions' Gm. [ʃpáɪçɐ] 'granary' | Pr. [ɔ́rrju] Ct. [ɔ́ri] It. dial orrio Sd. orriu Ast. [óru] |
iacere | to throw | iactare | CL freq. of iacere. | Pr. [ɟektáːre] O.Fr [dʒətǽr] Fr. [ʒəte] Oc. [dʒetá] Ct. [ʒitá] It. [dʒettáːɾe] Nea. [ʃəttá] Sd. [gɛtáːɾe] Sp. [etʃáɾ] |
— |
ictus | strike | colpus | CL borrowing of Greek κόλαφος. | Pr. [kɔ́lpʊs̺]nom O.Fr [kɔ́ls̺] |
Pr. [ɪ́ktu]acc Pt. [ɐ́i̯tu] 'row' |
Pr. [kɔ́lpu]acc O.Fr [kɔ́lp] Fr. [kú] Oc. [kɔ́p] Ct. [kɔ́lp] It. [kólpo] | |||||
id | this | hoc | Contextual CL synonym | Pr. [ɔ́k] O.Fr [wɛ́k] Ct. [ú] 'this' Oc. [ɔ́] O.Ct oc 'yes' |
— |
iecore | liver | ficato | CL ficatum 'fig-fattened liver', calqued from Greek συκωτόν[25]. | Pr. [fɪ́katu] Fr. [fwaə] It. [féːɡato] Ast. [féɣaðu] |
Pr. [ɟekwáːrja] 'giblets' Pt. [igwɐɾíɐ][lower-roman 10] 'delicacies' |
Pr. [fikáːtu] Fri. [fiáːt] Fri. [fiáːt] Rm. [fikát] | |||||
Pr. [fíːkatu] Rs. fio Sd. [fíːɣaðu] Sp. [íɣaðo] Pt. [fíɣɐðu] | |||||
Pr. [fɪ́taku][27] Oc. [fédʒe] Ct. [fédʒə] | |||||
in caminum | into the furnace | in clibanum | This word didn't survive anywhere in Romance, however it has already been defined earlier in this glossary as furnus. | — | Pr. [kamíːnu] Rs. chamin Dl. [kamái̯n] It. [kamíːno] |
Pr. [kamɪnáːta] O.Fr [tʃəminǽðə][lower-roman 11] Fr. [ʃəmineə] Oc. dial. [tsaminádɔ] 'fireplace, chimney' | |||||
indutus | dressed | vestitus | CL synonym. | Pr. [βes̺tíːtu]acc O.Fr [ves̺tíθ] Oc. [bes̺tít] Ct. [bəs̺tít] Dl. [vestját] Lom. [vestíː] It. [vestíːto] Sd. [bestíːðu] Sp. [bes̺tíðo] Pt. [vɨʃtíðu] |
— |
Pr. [βes̺tútu]acc O.Fr [ves̺túθ] Fr. [vɛty] O.It [vestúːto] | |||||
institis | bandages | fasciolis | CL synonym. | Pr. [fas̺cɔ́ːlas] O.It [faʃʃwɔ́ːle] Rm. [fɨʃio̯áre] | |
nasculis | Frankish *nastila. | O.Fr [náz̺ləs̺] Wal. nâles It. [nástri]masc | |||
insultaret | that he offend | inganaret | Romance verb based on CL gannire 'to snarl'. | Pr. [ɪŋgannáːre] O.Fr [eɲdʒanǽr] Oc. [eŋɡaná] Ct. [əŋgəɲá] It. [iŋgannáːɾe] Sp. [eŋɡaɲáɾ] Rm. [ɨŋgɨnáre] | |
isset | he would have gone | ambulasset | Could mean 'go' in CL, but isset was the more usual word. | Pr. [amblás̺s̺et] O.Fr [alás̺t] Fr. [alɑt] It. [ambjásse] Sp. [amblás̺e] Rm. [umblás̄e] | Pr. [ís̺s̺et~ɟís̺s̺et] Lad. jissa Rm. [ís̄e] |
Pr. [íːre~ɟíːre]inf Fr. [iʁ][lower-roman 12] O.Oc [íɾ] O.Ct [íɾ] Rs. [ír] O.It [dʒíːre] Dl. [dzer] Sp. [íɾ] Pt. [íɾ] Rm [íː] | |||||
ita | yes | sic | CL synonym. | Pr. [sík] Fr. [si] Oc. [s̺í] 'actually, yes' Ct. [s̺í] Rs. [ʃí] It. [sí] Sp. [s̺í] Pt. [sĩ́][lower-roman 13] 'yes' Rm. [ʃí] 'and' |
— |
iuger | acre | jornalis | CL diurnalis 'that which pertains to a day'. In France this term developed the sense of 'land that can be worked by oxen in a day'. | Pr. [ɟʊrnáːle] O.Fr [dʒornál] 'journal, measure of land' Fr. [ʒuʁnal][lower-roman 14] Oc. [dʒuɾnál] It. [dʒornáːle] 'journal' | |
iugulate | kill them | occidite | CL synonym | See necetur. | Pr. [ɟʊgláːtɪs̺] Rm. [ʒungiáts] |
ius | law | legem | CL synonym | Pr. [léɟe] O.Fr [léi̯] Fr. [lwa] Oc. [léi̯] Ct. [ʎɛ́i̯] Dl. [líg] It. [léddʒe] Sp. [léi̯] Pt. [léi̯] | Pr. [ɟúːre] It. [dʒúɾe] O.Sp [ʒúɾ] O.Pt [ʒúɾ] |
potestatem | CL for 'power, authority'. | Pr. [potes̺táːte] O.Fr [poðes̺tǽθ] O.Oc [poes̺tát] O.It [podestáːde] It. [podestáx] | |||
labium[lower-greek 12] | tub | conca | Could designate a sort of vessel in CL, but the main sense was 'shell'. Borrowed from Greek κόγχη. | Pr. [kɔ́ŋka] Fr. [kɔ̃ʃə] It. [kóŋka] Sp. [kwéŋka] 'basin, watershed' |
— |
lamento | I wail | ploro | CL for 'I weep'. | Pr. [plóːro] O.Fr [plóu̯r] Fr. [plœʁ] Oc. [plúɾi] Ct. [plɔ́ɾu] O.It [pjóːro] Ara. [pʎóɾo] Sp. [ʎóɾo] Pt. [ʃɔ́ɾu] | |
laterum | bricks | teularum | CL tegularum 'roof-tiles'. | Pr. [téːɣʊlas] O.Fr [tíu̯ləs̺~téʎəs̺] Fr. [tɥilə.z] Oc. [téu̯lɔs̺] Ct. [tɛ́u̯ɫəs̺] Dl. [tákle] It. [téggje~tégole] Sp. [téxas̺] Ast. [téʝas̺] Pt. [téʎɐʃ] | |
lebes | boiler | chaldaria | CL caldarium 'warm bath'. | Pr. [kaldáːrja] O.Fr [tʃaldjǽrə] Fr. [ʃodjɛʁə] Oc. [kau̯ðjɛ́ɾɔ] Ct. [kəɫdéɾə] It. [kaldáːja] Dl. [kaldíra] Sp. [kaldéɾa] Pt. [kaldɐ́i̯ɾɐ] Rm. [kəldáre] | |
leva | left | sinistra | CL synonym. | Pr. [s̺ɪnɪ́s̺tra] Fr. [sənɛ́stχə] Oc. [s̺enɛ́s̺trɔ] O.It [sinéstra] Rs. saniestra O.Sp [s̺injés̺tɾa] O.Pt [s̺ẽ.ɛ́s̺tɾa] | |
liberos | children | infantes | CL synonym. | Pr. [ɪfántes̺~ɪnfántes̺] O.Fr [enfánts] Fr. [ɑ̃fɑ̃z] Oc. [efáns̺] Ct. [iɱfáns̺] Rs. uffants 'children' It. [fánti] 'infantry' O.Sp [iɸántes̺] O.Pt [ifántes̺] 'heirs-apparent' | |
litus | shore | ripa | CL synonym. | Pr. [ríːpa] O.Fr [rívə] Fr. [ʁivə] Oc. [ríβɔ] Ct. [ríβə] Rs. riva It. [ríːva] Dl. [rái̯pa] Sp. [ríβa] Pt. [ʁíβɐ] Rm. [rɨ́pə] |
Pr. [líːtu] It. [líːdo] |
ludebant | they were playing | jocabant | CL synonym. | Pr. [ɟokáːβant] O.Fr [dʒo.ǽvənt] Fr. [ʒwɛə.t] Oc. [dʒuɣáβɔn] Ct. [ʒuɣáβən] Rs. giogavan Dl. [dzokúa] It. [dʒokáːvano] Sp. [xuɣáβan] Pt. [ʒuɣávɐ̃ũ̯] Rm. [ʒukáu̯] |
— |
luto | mud | fecis | CL for 'dregs, sediment'. | Pr. [fɛ́ːkes̺] It. [fɛ́tʃi] Sp. [éθes̺] Pt. [fézɨʃ] |
Pr. [lʊ́tu] O.Fr [lót] It. [lóːto] Sd. [lúːðu] Sp. [lóðo] Pt. [lóðu] Rm. [lút] |
mala punica | pomegranates | mala granata | Periphrase: 'seeded apples'. | Pr. [máːla ɡranáːta] Oc. [milɣɾánɔ] Ct. [məɣɾánə] It. [melaɡráːna] O.Sp [milɡɾána] Sp. [ɡɾanáða] Pt. [ɡɾɐnáðɐ] |
— |
Pr. [póːma ɡranáːta] O.Fr [pómə grənádə][lower-roman 15] Fr. [ɡʁənadə] | |||||
malus | mast | mastus | Frankish *mast. | O.Fr [más̺t]acc Fr. [mɑ] Oc. [más̺t] | |
manipulos | bundles | garbas | Frankish *garba. | Fr. [ʒɛʁbə.z] Oc. [gáɾβɔs̺] Ca. [ɡárbəs̺] | Pr. [manʊ́kli]nom O.Fr [manóʎ] O.It [manókki] Rm. [mənúnkʲ] |
Pr. [manʊ́klos̺]acc O.Fr [manóʎts] Ct. [mənóʎs̺] Sp. [manóxos̺] Pt. [mɔ́ʎuʃ] | |||||
mares | male livestock | masculi | CL diminutive of mares (singular mas). | Pr. [más̺kʊli]nom O.Fr [máz̺lə] It. [máski] Rm. dial [mas̄kúrʲ] 'male pigs' |
— |
Pr. [más̺kʊlos̺]acc O.Fr [máz̺ləs̺] Fr. [mɑlə.z] Oc. [más̺kles̺] Ct. [más̺kləs̺] Rs. mascels Sd. [máskɾɔzɔ] Sp. [mátʃos̺] Pt. [máʃuʃ] | |||||
mergulum | diver bird | corvum marinum | Lit. 'sea-crow'. | Pr. [kɔ́rβu maríːnu] Fr. [kɔʁmɔʁɑ̃] Oc. [kɔ́ɾp marí] Ct. [kɔ́ɾp məɾí] Sp. [kweɾβo maɾíno] Pt. [kóɾvu mɐɾíɲu] | |
milites | soldiers | servientes | CL for servants'. | Pr. [serβjɛ́ntes̺] O.Fr [s̺erdʒénts] 'servants, sergeants' Fr. [sɛʁʒɑ̃z] 'sergeants' Oc. [s̺iɾbéns̺] Ct. [s̺əɾβéns̺] Sp. [s̺iɾβjéntes̺] 'servants' | |
minas | threats | manaces | CL minacia 'menacing' reinterpreted as a fem noun. | Pr. [mɪnáccas̺] O.Fr [manátsəs̺] Fr. [mənásə.z] Oc. [menás̺ɔs̺] It. [minátʧe] O.Sp [menátsas̺] O.Pt [mẽ.átsas̺] |
— |
mutuo acceperam | I borrowed | impruntatum habeo | Prefixed deriv. of CL mutuari. Compound tense construction with habeo is characteristic of Romance. | Pr. [áɟo ɪmprumutáːtu] O.Fr [ái̯ empruntæθ] Fr. *[e ɑ̃pχœ̃te] Oc. [ái̯ empɾyntát] Rm. [ám ɨmprumutát] | |
mutuum dare | to lend | prestare | CL for 'provide, furnish'. | Pr. [pres̺táːre] O.Fr [pres̺tǽr] Fr. [pχɛte] Oc. [pɾes̺tá] Ct. [pɾəs̺tá] It. [prestáːɾe] Sp. [pɾes̺táɾ] Pt. [pɾɨʃtáɾ] | |
necetur | may he be killed | occidetur | CL synonym. In Romance the sense of necare had changed to 'kill by drowning'. | Pr. [okkíːðere] O.Fr [otsíðrə] Oc. [au̯sí] It. [uttʃíːdeɾe] Sd. [ɔkkíːðeɾe] Rm. [utʃídere] | Pr. [nekáːre] O.Fr [nei̯ǽr] Fr. [nwaje] It. [anneɡáːɾe]+pref Sp. [aneɣáɾ]+pref Arm. [nekáre] |
nemini | to nobody | nulli | CL synonym. | Pr. [núɭɭu]acc Fr. [nyl] Oc. [nýl] Ct. [núl] Dl. [núl] It. [núllo] Sic. [núɖɖu] 'none, futile' |
Pr. [néːmɪni] Rm. [nímenʲ] |
nent | they weave | filant | Pr. verb based on CL filum 'thread'. | Pr. [fíːlant] O.Fr [fílənt] Fr. [filə.t] Oc. [fílɔn] Ct. [fíɫən] It. [fíːlano] Sp. [ílan] Pt. [fjɐ̃́ũ̯] |
— |
nonnulli | several | multi | CL synonym. | Pr. [mʊ́lti]nom O.Fr [mólt] It. [mólti] Rm. [múltsʲ] | |
Pr. [mʊ́ltos̺]acc O.Fr [mólts] Ct. [móɫs̺] Sp. [mútʃos̺] Pt. [mṹj̃ntuʃ][lower-roman 16] | |||||
non pepercit | he did not spare | non sparniavit | Frankish *sparanjan. | O.Fr [nən es̺parɲáθ] Fr. *[nepaʁɲa][lower-roman 17] Oc. dial. *[nu espaɾɲá] It. [non sparaɲɲɔ́x] | |
novacula | razor | rasorium | CL rasum 'shaved' with instrumental suffix -orium. | Pr. [ras̺óːrju] O.Fr [raz̺ói̯r] Fr. [ʁazwaʁ] Oc. [raz̺ú] Ct. [rəó~raóɾ] It. [razóːjo] Sp. [ras̺éro] | Pr. [noβáːkla] Ct. [nəβáʎə] Sp. [naβáxa] Ast. [naβáʝa] Pt. [nɐváʎɐ] |
noverca | stepmother | matrastra | CL matrem 'mother' with suffix -astra 'wannabe'. | Pr. [matrás̺tra] Fr. [maʁɑtχə] Oc. [mai̯rás̺trɔ] Ct. [məðɾás̺tɾə] Sp. [maðɾás̺tɾa] Pt. [mɐðɾáʃtɐ] | Pr. [noβɛ́rka] Arm. nuearcã |
nosse | to know | scire | More usual CL synonym. | Pr. [ɪs̺kíːre] Sd. [iskíːre] Rm. [ʃtíre] |
— |
nutare | to wobble | cancellare | CL for 'criss-cross'. The Romance sense developed from the notion of crossing one's legs while walking. | Pr. [kankeɭɭáːre] O.Fr [tʃantsəlǽr] Fr. [ʃɑ̃səle] | |
ocreas | boots | husas | Frankish *hosa. | O.Fr [hwɛ́z̺əs̺] O.It [wɔ́ːze] O.Sp [wéz̺as̺] O.Pt [ɔ́z̺as̺] | |
offendas | may you drive off | abattas | CL battuas. | Pr. [abbátas̺] Fr. [abátə.z] Oc. [aβátɔs̺] Ct. [əβátəs̺] It. [abbátta] Sp. [aβátas̺] Pt. [ɐvátɐʃ] | |
onager | wild donkey | asinus salvaticus | Asinus is CL for 'donkey'. For salvaticus, see entry for aper. | Pr. [áːs̺ɪnʊs]nom O.Fr [áz̺nəs̺] | |
Pr. [áːs̺ɪnu]acc O.Fr [áz̺nə] Fr. [ɑnə] Oc. [áz̺ne] Ct. [áz̺ə] Rs. asen Lig. [áːze] It. [áːzino] Sd. [áːinu] Sp. [áz̺no] Pt. [áʒnu] Rm. dial asen | |||||
onustus | burdened | carcatus | Romance verb based on CL borrowing of Gaulish *karros. | Pr. [karrɪkáːtʊs̺]nom O.Fr [tʃardʒjǽts] O.Oc [kaɾgáts] | |
Pr. [karrɪkáːtu]acc O.Fr [tʃardʒjǽθ] Fr. [ʃaʁʒe] Oc. [kaɾɣát] Ct. [kərəɣát] Dl. [karikút] It. [kaɾikáːto] Sp. [kaɾɣáðo] Pt. [kɐʁɨɣáðu] Rm. [ɨŋkərkát]+pref | |||||
oppidis | towns | civitatibus | LL for 'cities'. | Pr. [kiβɪtáːtes̺] O.Fr [tsitǽts] Fr. [sitez] Oc. [s̺iu̯táts] Ct. [s̺iu̯táts̺] Rs. citads O.It [tʃittáːdi] It. [tʃittáx] Sp. [θjuðáðes̺] Pt. [siðáðɨʃ] 'cities' Rm. [tʃetə́tsʲ] 'fortresses' | |
castellis | CL for 'fortresses', diminutive of castra. | Pr. [kas̺tɛ́ɭɭi]nom O.Fr [tʃas̺tɛ́l] O.Oc [kas̺tɛ́l] O.It [kastɛ́ʎʎi] It. [kastɛ́lli] Sic. [kaʃtɛ́ɖɖi] | |||
Pr. [kas̺tɛ́ɭɭos̺]acc O.Fr [tʃas̺tɛ́ls̺] Fr. [ʃɑtoz] Oc. [kas̺tɛ́ls̺] Ct. [kəs̺téʎs̺] Rs. chastès Sd. [kastɛ́ɖɖɔzɔ] Sp. [kas̺tíʎos̺] Ast. [kastjéʎos̺] Pt. [kɐʃtɛ́luʃ] | |||||
opilio | shepherd | berbicarius | CL ueruex 'ram' with occupational suffix -arius. | Pr. [berβɪkáːrjʊs̺]nom O.Fr [berdʒjǽrs̺] | |
Pr. [berβɪkáːrju]acc O.Fr [berdʒjǽr] Fr. [bɛʁʒe] Oc. dial [baʁdzjéi̯] | |||||
Pr. [berβekáːrju] Sd. [bɛɾβɛkáːɾju] Rm. [berbekár] | |||||
oportet | it is fitting | convenit | Had this sense in CL as well. | Pr. [komβɛ́ːnɪt] O.Fr [konvjɛ́nt] Fr. [kɔ̃vjɛ̃t] Oc. [kumbén] Ct. [kumbé] It. [koɱvjɛ́ːne] Sp. [kombjéne] Pt. [kõvɐ̃́ĩ̯] Rm. [kuvíne] | |
optimos | the best | meliores | CL for 'better'. In Romance it also came to mean 'best'. | Pr. [meʎʎóːres̺] O.Fr [meʎóu̯rs̺] Fr. [mɛjœʁz] Oc. [meʎús̺] Ct. [miʎós̺] Rs. megliers It. [miʎʎóːɾi] Sp. [mexóɾes̺] Ast. [meʝóɾes̺] Pt. [mɨʎɔ́ɾɨʃ] | |
optimum | valde bonum | Lit. 'very good'. Valde survived as the first element of O.Fr vaudoux and vaupute[32]. | Pr. [bɔ́ːnu] O.Fr [bwɛ́n] Fr. [bɔ̃] Oc. [bún] Ct. [bɔ́] Rs. [bún] Dl. [bún] It. [bwɔ́ːno] Sp. [bwéno] Ast. [bónu] Pt. [bṍ] Rm. [bún] | ||
ore | mouth | bucca | CL for 'cheek'. | Pr. [bʊ́kka] O.Fr [bótʃə] Fr. [buʃə] Oc. [búkɔ] Ct. [bókə] Rs. [bɔ́kə] Dl. [búka] It. [bókka] Sp. [bóka] Pt. [bókɐ] 'mouth' Rm. [búkə] 'cheek' | |
ostendit | he showed | monstravit | CL synonym. | Pr. [mos̺trát~mos̺tráu̯t] O.Fr [mos̺tráθ] Fr. [mɔ̃tχa][lower-roman 18] Oc. dial. [mus̺tɾá] Ct. [mus̺tɾá] It. [mostrɔ́x] Sp. [mos̺tɾó] Pt. [muʃtɾóu̯] Rm. [mus̄trə́] | |
oves | sheep | berbices | CL vervex 'castrated ram'. | Pr. [berβíːkes̺] O.Fr [berbíts] Fr. [bʁəbiz] O.Oc berbitz O.It [berbíːtʃi] | Pr. [ɔ́ːβes̺] Rm. [ói̯] |
Pr. [berβéːkes̺] Sd. [baɾβɛ́ːɣɛzɛ] Rm. [beɾbétʃʲ] |
Pr. [oβɪ́klas̺]dim O.Fr [o.éʎəs̺] Fr. [wajə.z] Oc. [u.éʎɔs̺ ~ au̯véjaː] Ct. [uβɛ́ʎəs̺] Sp. [oβéxas̺] Pt. [ɔvɐ́ʎɐʃ] | ||||
paliurus | Christ's thorn | cardonis | From CL cardus 'thistle'. | Pr. [karðóːne] O.Fr [tʃardón]acc Fr. [ʃaʁdɔ̃] Oc. [kaɾðú] |
— |
pallium | cloak | drappum | Frankish *drāpi. | O.Fr [dráp] Fr. [dʁa] Oc. [dɾáp] Ct. [dɾáp] Dl. [dráp] It. [dráppo] Sd. [dɾápu] Sp. [tɾápo] Pt. [tɾápu] | |
papilionis | tent | travis | Gallo-Romance nominative based on CL acc trabem 'beam' or 'structure built around a beam'. | O.Fr [trǽs̺]nom | Pr. [papɪʎʎóːne] O.Fr [paveʎón] 'butterfly, pavilion' Fr. [pavijɔ̃] Oc. [paβaʎú] It. [padiʎʎóːne] Sp. [paβeʎón] 'pavilion' Fr. [papijɔ̃][lower-roman 19] Oc. [paɾpaʎú] Ct. [pəpəʎónə] O.It [parpaʎʎóːne] 'butterfly' |
Pr. [tráːβe]acc O.Fr [trǽf] 'tent, beam' O.Oc [tráu̯] It. [tráːve] Pt. [tɾávɨ] | |||||
pabula[lower-greek 13] | blister | visica | Vesica could have this meaning in CL as well, but its main sense was 'bladder'. | Pr. [βes̺s̺íːka] Fr. [vesíə] Oc. [bes̺íɣo] Ct. [bəʃíɣə] It. [veʃʃíːka] Sd. [bussíːka] Sp. [bexíɣa] Ast. [beʃíɣa] Pt. [bɨʃíɣɐ] Rm. [bəʃíkə] 'blister, bladder' |
— |
paria | alike | similia | Contextual CL synonym. | Pr. [s̺ɪmɪʎʎáːre]verb It. [somiʎʎáːɾe] Sp. [s̺emexáɾ] Pt. [sɨmɨʎáɾ] 'resemble' |
Pr. [páːrja] O.Fr [pái̯rə] Fr. [pɛʁə] It. [páːja] 'pair(s)' |
Pr. [s̺ɪmɪláːre] O.Fr [s̺emblǽr] Fr. [sɑ̃ble] Oc. [s̺emblá] Ct. [s̺əmbɫá] Rm. [s̄emənáre] 'resemble' | |||||
pera | bag | sportellam | CL diminutive of sporta 'basket'. | Pr. [ɪs̺portɛ́ɭɭa] O.Oc esportella O.It sportella Sp. [es̺portíʎa] |
— |
peribet | he bears | perportat | The context is Ioannes testimonium perhibet. | Fr. il porte témoignage It. porta testimonianza | |
pes | foot | pedis | Gallo-Romance nominative based on CL accusative form pedem. | O.Fr [pjɛ́ts]nom O.Oc [pɛ́s̺] | |
Pr. [pɛ́ːðe]acc O.Fr [pjɛ́θ] Fr. [pje] Oc. [pɛ́] Ct. [pɛ́u̯] Rs. [pɛ́] Lom. [pɛ́] It. [pjɛ́ːde] Dl. [pí] Sp. [pjé] Pt. [pɛ́] Sd. [pɛ́i] O.Rm piez | |||||
pignus | pledge | wadius | Frankish *waddi. | O.Fr [gwádʒə] Fr. [ɡaʒə] Oc. [gádʒe] 'will, testament' |
Pr. [pɪ́ɣnʊs̺] O.Sp [péɲos̺] Sp. [péɲo] |
Pr. [pɪ́ɣnu] Rs. pegn It. [péɲɲo] | |||||
Pr. [pɪ́ɣnora] O.It [péɲɲora] Sp. [pɾénda] | |||||
Pr. [pɪɣnóːre] Pt. [peɲóɾ] | |||||
pingues | fat | grassi | CL crassi. | Pr. [ɡrás̺s̺i]nom O.Fr [grás̺] It. [ɡɾássi] Rm. [ɡráʃʲ] |
— |
Pr. [ɡrás̺s̺os̺]acc O.Fr [grás̺] Fr. [ɡʁɑ] Ct. [ɡɾás̺us̺] Rs. [grás] Dl. [grés] Sd. [ɡɾássɔzɔ] Sp. [ɡɾás̺os̺] Pt. [ɡɾáʃuʃ] | |||||
plaustra | carts | carra | Gaulish *karros. | Pr. [kárri]nom O.Fr [tʃár] It. [kárri] Rm. [káre] | |
Pr. [kárros̺]acc O.Fr [tʃárs̺] Fr. [ʃaʁz] Oc. [káris̺] Ct. [kárus̺] Sp. [káros̺] Pt. [káʁuʃ] | |||||
pulempta[lower-greek 14] | barley | farina | CL for 'flour'. | Pr. [faríːna] Fr. [faʁinə] Oc. [faɾínɔ] Ct. [fəɾínə] Rs. farina It. [faríːna] Dl. [farái̯na] Sp. [aɾína] Pt. [fɐɾíɲɐ] Rm. [fəínə] |
Pr. [polɛ́nta] Dl. [poljánta] It. [polɛ́nta] |
pupillam | pupil | nigrum in oculo | Periphrase, 'the black in an eye'. | Fr. le noir de l'œil | — |
ponatur | may it be placed | mittatur | CL mittere 'send' came to mean 'put' in LL. | Pr. [mɪ́ttere] O.Fr [métrə] Fr. [mɛtχə] Oc. [métɾe] Ct. [mɛ́tɾə] It. [métteɾe] Sd. [míntɛɾɛ] Sp. [metéɾ] Pt. [mɨtéɾ] |
Pr. [póːnere] O.Fr [póndɾə] Fr. [pɔ̃dʁə] Oc. [púndɾe] Ct. [pɔ́ndɾə] 'lay an egg' It. [pórre] Sp. [ponéɾ] Pt. [póɾ] Rm. [púnere] 'put, place' |
ponderatus | burdened | graviatus | Pr. verb based on CL gravis 'heavy, burdened'. | Pr. [graβjáːtus̺] O.Fr [grədʒjǽts] |
— |
poplite | ham of the knee | juncture janiculorum | Periphrase, 'junctions of the knees'. Janiculorum is an attempt to spell CL geniculorum. | Pr. [ɟuntúːras̺] Fr. [ʒwɛ̃tyʁə.z] Oc. [dʒuɲtʃýrɔs̺] Ct. [ʒuntúɾəs̺] It. [dʒuntúːɾe] Sp. [xuntúɾas] Pt. [ʒũntúɾɐʃ] | |
Pr. [genʊ́kli]nom O.Fr [dʒənóʎ] Dl. [dzenákle] It. [dʒinɔ́kki] Rm. [dʒenúnkʲ] | |||||
Pr. [genʊ́klos̺]acc O.Fr [dʒənóʎts] Fr. [ʒənuz] Oc. [dʒenúls̺] Ct. [ʒənóʎs̺] Rm. schanugls Sd. [ɡenúːɣɾɔzɔ] Sp. [inóxos̺] Pt. [ʒwɐ́ʎuʃ] | |||||
pruina | frost | gelata | CL gel- 'freeze' with Romance noun-forming suffix -ata. | Pr. [geláːta] O.Fr [dʒəlǽðə] Fr. [ʒəleə] Oc. [dʒeláðɔ] Ct. [ʒəɫáðə] Dl. [gelút]masc It. [dʒeláːta] Sp. [eláða] Pt. [ʒjáðɐ] |
Pr. [prʊ.íːna] O.Fr [brúi̯nə] Fr. [bʁɥinə] 'drizzle' O.Oc bruina It. [bríːna] 'frost' |
pugione | dagger | lancea | CL for 'spear'. The glosser may have had in mind O.Fr lancete 'small pointed instrument'. | Pr. [lánca] O.Fr [lántsə] Fr. [lɑ̃sə] Oc. [láns̺ɔ] Ct. [ʎáns̺ə] It. [láɲtʃa] Sp. [lánθa] Pt. [lɐ̃́sɐ] |
— |
pulchra | beautiful | bella | CL synonym. | Pr. [bɛ́ɭɭa] O.Fr [bɛ́lə] Fr. [bɛlə] Oc. [bɛ́lɔ] Ct. [béʎə] Rs. bella Lom. [bɛ́lɐ] It. [bɛ́lla] Sic. [bɛ́ɖɖa] Dl. [bjála] Sp. [béʎa] Pt. [bɛ́lɐ] |
— |
pusillum | small | parvum | CL synonym. | Pr. [párβu] O.Fr [párf] Pt. [páɾvu] 'small' | |
Pr. [párβʊlu]dim O.It [párvolo] It. [párgolo] 'boy' | |||||
pustula | blister | malis clavis[lower-greek 15] | CL clavus had this sense as well, although its main meaning was 'nail'. | Pr. [kláːβu] O.Fr [klɔ́u̯] Fr. [klu] 'nail, pustule' O.Oc [kláu̯][lower-roman 20] Ct. [kláu̯] O.It [kjáːvo][upper-roman 3] Ara. [kʎáu̯] Sp. [kláβo] Pt. [kɾávu] 'nail' | |
regit | he rules | gubernat | CL synonym borrowed from Greek κῠβερνᾰ́ειν. | Pr. [gʊβɛ́rnat] O.Fr [govɛ́rnəθ] Fr. [guvɛʁnə] Oc. [ɡuβɛ́ɾnɔ] Ct. [guβɛ́rnə] It. [govɛ́rna] Sp. [ɡoβjéɾna] Pt. [ɡuvéɾnɐ] |
Pr. [rɛ́ɟɪt] It. [rɛ́ddʒe] |
remetieur | he shall remeasure | remensurabit | Verb based on CL mensura 'measure'. | Pr. [mes̺uráːre] O.Fr [məz̺urǽr] Fr. [məzyʁe] Oc. [mez̺yɾá] Ct. [məz̺uɾá] Rs. mesirar It. [mizuráːɾe] Sp. [mes̺uɾáɾ] Pt. [mɨzuɾáɾ] Rm. [məs̄uráre] |
Pr. [metíːre] Sd. [meðíɾɛ] Sp. [meðíɾ] Pt. [mɨðíɾ] |
repente | suddenly | subito | CL synonym. | Pr. [s̺ʊ́βɪto~s̺ú:βɪto] O.Fr [s̺úps̺][upper-roman 4] Oc. [s̺ýtte] Ct. [s̺ýptə] |
— |
Pr. [s̺ʊβɪtá:nu] O.Fr [s̺odéi̯n] Fr. [sudɛ̃] | |||||
reppererunt | they found | invenerunt | CL synonym. | O.Fr *envindrent[upper-roman 5] O.Sd *imbennerun | |
res | thing | causa | CL for 'subject matter'. | Pr. [káu̯s̺a] O.Fr [tʃóz̺ə] Fr. [ʃozə] Oc. [káu̯z̺ɔ] Ct. [kɔ́z̺ə] Rs. chossa It. [kɔ́ːza] Dl. [káu̯sa] O.Sd casa O.Sp [kóz̺a] Sp. [kós̺a] O.Pt [kóu̯.z̺a] Pt. [kói̯.zɐ] |
Pr. [rés̺] Oc. [rés̺] Ct. [rɛ́s̺] 'nothing' Sp. [rés̺] 'head of cattle' |
Pr. [rɛ́ːne] O.Fr [rjɛ́n] 'thing' Fr. [ʁjɛ̃] Oc. dial. rèn O.Pt ren Gal. [réŋ] 'nothing' | |||||
respectant | they look back | rewardant | Frankish *wardōn 'watch over, protect'. | O.Fr [rəgwárdənt] Fr. [ʁəɡaʁdə.t] Oc. [ɡwáɾðan]-pref Ct. [ɡwáɾðən]-pref Rs. vurdan-pref It. [rigwárdano] Sp. [gwáɾðan]-pref Pt. [ɡwáɾðɐ̃ũ̯]-pref |
Pr. [res̺pɛ́ktant] It. [rispɛ́ttano] Pt. [ʁɨʃpɐ́i̯tɐ̃ũ̯] 'they respect' |
restant | they stay | remanent | CL synonym | Pr. [remáːnent] O.Fr [rəmái̯nənt] Ct. [rumánən] It. [rimáŋgono] Ro. [rəmɨ́n] |
— |
reus | guilty | culpabilis | LL synonym composed of culpa 'blame' and -abilis 'worthy of'. | Pr. [kʊlpáːβɪle] O.Fr [kolpáblə] Fr. [kupablə] Oc. [kulpáble] It. [kolpéːvole] 'guilty' |
Pr. [rɛ́ːu] It. [río] Dl. [rí] Rm. [rə́u̯] 'bad, evil' |
reveretur | he fears | verecundatur | CL for 'he feels shame'. | Pr. [verɣʊ́ndat] O.Fr [vergóndəθ] |
— |
rostrum | beak | beccus | CL borrowing of Gaulish *bekkos. | Pr. [bɛ́kkʊs̺] O.Fr [bɛ́s̺] | Pr. [rós̺tru] Rm. [rós̄t] 'mouth' |
Pr. [bɛ́kku] O.Fr [bɛ́k] Fr. [bɛk] Oc. [bɛ́k] Ct. [bɛ́k] It. [békko] Sp. [píko] Pt. [bíku] | |||||
rufa | reddish | sora | Frankish *saur. | Fr. [sɔ́ʁə] 'smoked' Oc. [s̺áu̯ɾɔ] 'yellow' Ca. [s̺áu̯ɾə] 'dark yellow' | — |
ruga | wrinkle | fruncetura | Frankish *hrunkja with Romance suffix -tura. | O.Fr [frontsəðúrə] Fr. [fʁɔ̃syʁə] Ct. [fɾuns̺iðúɾə] | Pr. [rúːɣa] O.Fr [rúə] Fr. [ʁyə] Oc. dial [rýɔ] 'street' It. [rúga] 'wrinkle' Arm. [rúgə] 'sheep-gate' |
rupem | rock | petram | CL borrowing from Greek πέτρα. | Pr. [pɛ́ːtra] O.Fr [pjɛ́ðrə] Fr. [pjɛrə] Oc. [pɛ́i̯ɾɔ] Ct. [píðɾə] Dl. [pítra] It. [pjɛ́tra] Sp. [pjeðɾa] Pt. [pɛ́ðɾɐ] Rm. [pjátrə] |
Pr. [rúːpe] It. [rúːpe] 'cliff' |
saga | a covering | cortina | LL for 'curtain', from an earlier CL term for a type of cauldron. The sense evolution is unclear. | Pr. [kortíːna] Fr. [kuχtinə] Oc. [kuɾtínɔ] Ct. [kurtínə] It. [kortíːna] Sp. [koɾtína] O.Pt [koɾtíɲa][upper-roman 6] 'curtain' |
Pr. [s̺áːɣa] Fr. [sɛə] O.Sp [s̺ája] Pt. [sájɐ] 'skirt' |
sagma | packsaddle | soma | The same word after a number of Romance developments. Attested as salma in Isidore. | Pr. [s̺áɣma] Fr. [sɔmə] 'packsaddle' Oc. [s̺áu̯mɔ] 'female donkey' Ct. [s̺áɫmə] 'ton' It. [sóma] 'load' or [sálma] 'corpse' |
— |
sella | CL synonym | Pr. [s̺ɛ́ɭɭa] Fr. [sɛlə] Oc. [s̺ɛ́lɔ] Ct. [s̺éʎə] Dl. [sjála] It. [sɛ́lla] Sd. [sɛ́ɖɖa] Sic. [sɛ́ɖɖa] Sp. [s̺íʎa] Pt. [sɛ́lɐ] Rm. [ʃá] 'saddle' | |||
saniore | healthier | plus sano | Periphrase, 'more healthy'. Synthetic construction typical of Romance. | Pr. [plus̺ s̺áːnu] O.Fr [plus̺ s̺ái̯n] Fr. [ply sɛ̃] Oc. [pys̺ s̺á] O.Ct [pus̺ s̺án] It. [pjus sáːno] Sd. [pɾus sánnu] O.Pt [tʃus̺ s̺áo] | |
sarcina | package | bisatia | CL bisaccium 'double-sack'. | Pr. [bɪs̺ácca] Fr. [bəzásə] Oc. [bjás̺ɔ] It. [bizáttʃa] | Pr. [s̺árkɪna] Rm. [s̄ártʃinə] Arm. sartsinã |
sartago | pan | patella | CL synonym | Pr. [patɛ́ɭɭa] O.Fr [paðɛ́lə] Fr. [pwɑlə] Oc. [paðɛ́lɔ] Ct. [pə.éʎə] Rs. padella It. [padɛ́lla] Sic. [parɛ́ɖɖa] Sp. [pái̯la] |
Pr. [s̺artáɟɪne] Oc. [s̺aɾtáŋ] Nea. [sartáːʃənə] Sp. [s̺aɾtén] Pt. [sɨɾtɐ̃́] |
scinifes | gnats | cincellas | Likely onomatopoeic. | Pr. [tsjintsjáːlas̺] O.Fr [tsintsǽləs̺] It. [dzandzáːɾe] Ven. [zʤiŋsáe] Rm. [tsɨntsárʲ]masc |
— |
segetes | crops | messes | CL synonym | Pr. [mɛ́s̺s̺es̺] It. [mɛ́ssi] Sp. [mjés̺es̺] Pt. [mésɨʃ] | |
Pr. [messjóːnes̺] O.Fr [mei̯.s̺óns̺] Fr. [mwasɔ̃z] Oc. [mei̯.s̺ús̺] | |||||
semel | once | una vice | Romance periphrase: 'one time', from CL vice 'turn, instance'. | Pr. [una βɪ́ke] O.Fr [unə féi̯ts][upper-roman 7] Fr. [ynə fwa] Oc. [ynɔ βéts] Sp. [una βéθ] Pt. [umɐ véʃ] | |
sepulta | interred | sepelita | Rare CL variant. | Pr. [s̺epelíːta] O.Fr [s̺əvəlíðə] Fr. [ɑ̃səvəliə]+pref Oc. [s̺eβelíðɔ] It. [seppellíːta] | Pr. [s̺epʊ́lta] Dl. [sepwálta] It. [sepólta]lit |
sindone | type of cloth | linciolo | CL. linteolum 'linen cloth'. | Pr. [lintsjɔ́ːlu] O.Fr [lintswɛ́l] Fr. [lɛ̃sœl] Oc. [lens̺ɔ́l] Ct. [ʎəns̺ɔ́ɫ] Rs. lenziel Dl. [lentsúl] It. [lentswɔ́ːlo] Sd. [leθólu] Sp. [lenθwélo] Pt. [lẽsɔ́ɫ] |
Pr. [s̺indóːne] It. [sindóːne] |
singulariter | alone | solamente | Romance grammaticalization of CL ablative absolutes such as sollicita mente 'assiduously'. | Pr. [s̺olamɛ́nte] O.Fr [s̺oləmɛ́nt] Fr. [sœləmɑ̃][upper-roman 8] Oc. [s̺ulɔmén] Ct. [s̺oləmén] It. [solaménte] Sp. [s̺olaménte] Pt. [sɔmẽ́ntɨ] |
— |
si vis | if you wish | si voles | Pr. voles was constructed from such CL conjugations as volunt 'they wish'[36]. | Pr. [s̺i βɔ́ːles̺] O.Fr [s̺i vwɛ́ls̺] Fr. *[si vøz] Oc. [s̺e βɔ́les̺] Ct. [s̺i βɔ́ɫs̺] Rs. sche vuls Sd. [si βɔ́ːlɛzɛ] Dl. [se búle] It. [sev.vwɔ́i] | |
solutis | set free, absolved | disligatis | Negating prefix dis applied to CL ligare 'link, join'. | Pr. [dɪs̺lɪɣáːtos̺] O.Fr [dez̺liǽts] Fr. [delje] O.Sp [dez̺leɣáðos̺] O.Pt [dez̺leɣáðos̺] |
Pr. [s̺olúːtos̺]acc O.Fr [s̺olúts] O.Oc [s̺olúts] 'resolved, paid' |
Pr. [dɪs̺lɪɣáːti] It. [sligáːti] Rm. [dez̄legátsj] |
Pr. [s̺ɔ́ltos̺]acc O.Fr [s̺ɔ́lts] O.Ct [s̺ɔ́lts] 'resolved, paid' Sp. [s̺wéltos̺] Pt. [sóɫtuʃ] 'loose, free' | ||||
Pr. [s̺ɔ́lti]nom It. [sɔ́lti] 'released' | |||||
sortileus | fortune teller | sorcerus | CL sorte 'fortune' with occupational suffix -arius. | Pr. [s̺ortsjáːrju]acc O.Fr [s̺ortsjǽr] Fr. [sɔχsje] |
— |
spatula | palm frond | rama palmarum | Periphrase, 'palm-tree branch'. Rama comes from the Pr. collective form[37] of CL ramus 'branch'. | Pr. [ráːma] O.Fr [rái̯mə] Fr. [ʁamə][upper-roman 9] O.Oc [ráma] Ct. [rámə] Sp. [ráma] 'branch' | |
Pr. [pálmas̺] O.Fr [pálməs̺] Fr. [pomə.z] Oc. [páu̯mɔs̺] Ct. [páɫməs̺] Dl. [púlme] It. [pálme] Sd. [páɾmaza] Sp. [pálmas̺] Pt. [páɫmɐʃ] Rm. [pálme] | |||||
stercora | excrements | femus | CL fimus, a synonym. | Pr. [fɛ́ːmʊs̺] O.Fr [fjɛ́ns̺] Oc. [féns̺] Ct. [fém] |
Pr. [ɪs̺tɛ́rku] It. [stɛ́rko] O.Sp [es̺tjéɾko] Pt. [ɨʃtɛ́ɾku] Rm. [ʃtérk] |
Pr. [ɪs̺tɛ́rkore] Sp. [es̺tjéɾkol] | |||||
submersi | drowned | necati | CL for 'murdered'. | See necetur. | Pr. [s̺ʊmmɛ́rs̺i] It. [sommɛ́rsi] |
subtilissima | very thin | perpittita | Of unknown origin. Per is a CL intensifying prefix. | Pr. [pɪttíːta] Fr. [pətitə] |
Pr. [s̺ʊptíːle] O.Fr [s̺otíl] O.Oc [s̺otíl] O.Ct [s̺otíl] It. [sottíːle] Sd. suttile Rm. [s̄uptsíre] |
succendunt | they set ablaze | sprendunt | CL prendunt 'they seize' with prefix ex. | Pr. [es̺prɛ́ndʊnt] O.Fr [es̺prɛ́nənt] Fr. [epχɛnə.t] |
— |
sudario | priest's gown | fanonem | Frankish *fano. The original sense of sudarium was 'sweat-cloth', composed of sudor 'sweat' and locational suffix -ario. | O.Fr [fanón] Fr. [fanɔ̃] 'papal gown' |
Pr. [s̺uðarjɔ́ːlu]dim Dl. [sedarúl] 'handkerchief' |
sulcis | furrows | rige | Gaulish *rica. | O.Fr [réi̯əs̺] Fr. [ʁɛə.z] Oc. [réɣɔs̺] |
Pr. [s̺ʊ́lki]nom It. [sólki] O.Rm [s̄úlkj] |
Pr. [sʊ́lkos̺]acc Ct. [s̺óɫks̺] Sd. [súɾkɔzɔ] Sp. [s̺úɾkos̺] Pt. [súkuʃ] | |||||
sus | pig | porcus | CL synonym. | See entry for aper. | Sd. sue |
talpas | moles | muli | Frankish *mul. | O.Fr [mulót]dim Fr. [mylo] 'field mouse' |
Pr. [tálpa] O.Fr [tálpə] Fr. [topə] Oc. [tálpɔ] Ct. [táɫp]masc It. [tálpa] Sd. [táɾpaza] Sp. [tópo]masc Pt. dial toupa[upper-roman 10] |
tectum | roof | solarium | CL for 'roof-terrace'. Sol 'sun' with locational suffix -arium. | Pr. [s̺oláːrju] O.Fr [s̺oljǽr] Fr. dial. [sɔlje] Oc. [s̺ulɛ́] 'loft' |
Pr. [téktu] O.Fr [téi̯t] Fr. [twa] Oc. [tétʃ~tét] Rs. tetg Dl. [tját] It. [tétto] Sp. [tétʃo] Pt. [tɛ́tu] |
tedet | it annoys | anoget | The Modèle:Angbr represents /j/[39]. The scribe has failed to Latinize the spelling to inodiat, a Romance verb derived from CL odium 'hate'. | Pr. [ɪnɔ́ɟat] O.Fr [anúi̯əθ] Fr. [ɑ̃nɥiə] Oc. [anýdʒɔ] Ct. [ənúdʒə] It. [údʒʒa]-pref Sp. [enóxa] Pt. [inóʒɐ] |
— |
tedio | monotony | tepiditas | Noun version of CL tepidum 'lukewarm'. | Pr. [tɛ́ːpɪðu] O.Fr [tjɛ́və] Fr. [tjɛdə] Oc. [tɛ́βi] Ct. [tɛ́βi] It. [tjɛ́ːpido] Sp. [tíβjo] Pt. [tíβju] 'lukewarm' | |
tereo[lower-greek 16] | I thresh | tribulo | Verb based on CL tribulum 'threshing-board', itself composed of tero and the instrumental suffix -bulum. | Pr. [tríːβlo] O.Fr [tríblə~tríu̯lə] Ct. [tɾíʎu] It. [tríbbjo] Sd. triulo Sp. [tɾíʎo] Pt. [tɾíʎu] | |
teristrum | veil | cufia | Frankish *kuffja. | O.Fr cofie Fr. [kwáfə] O.Oc kofa | |
vitta | CL for 'headband'. | Pr. [βɪ́tta] O.Fr [vétə] Ct. [bɛ́tə] It. [vétta] Sp. [béta] Pt. [fítɐ] Rm. [bátə] | |||
torax | cuirass | brunia | Frankish *brunnia. | O.Fr bronie Fr. [bʁwaɲə] O.Oc bronha | |
trabem | beam | trastrum | From CL transtrum 'crossbeam'. O.Fr tref < trabem could mean 'tent' as well. | Pr. [trás̺tu] O.Fr [trás̺tə] 'crossbeam' Sp. [tɾás̺to] Pt. [tɾáʃtɨ] 'junk' |
See mastus. |
Pr. [tras̺tɛ́ɭɭu]dim O.Fr [træs̺tɛ́l] Fr. [tχeto] 'trestle' | |||||
transferent | they will carry over | transportent | CL ferre 'carry' was displaced in Romance by portare, originally a less common synonym. | Pr. [tras̺pɔ́rtant] O.Fr [træs̺pɔ́rtənt] O.It [trapɔ́rtano] |
— |
transgredere | go past | ultra alare | Ultra is CL for 'beyond'. Alare is a Latinized spelling of O.Fr aler 'go'[39] of disputed origin. | O.Fr *oltraler | |
transmeare | to swim across | transnotare | Pr. *notare 'swim' is CL natare.after vowel dissimilation. | Pr. [tras̺notáːre] O.Fr *tresnoder O.It [tranotáːɾe] | |
Pr. [notáːre] O.Fr [noðǽr] Rs. nodar Dl. [notúr] O.It [notáːɾe][upper-roman 11] Rm [ɨnotáre]+pref | |||||
Pr. [natáːre] Oc. [naðá] Ct. [nəðá] Sp. [naðáɾ] Pt. [nɐðáɾ] | |||||
tugurium | hut | cavana | Of obscure origin. | Pr. [kapánna] O.Fr [tʃavánə] Oc. [kaβánɔ] It. [kapánna] Ara. [kapánna] Sp. [kaβáɲa] Pt. [kɐβɐ́nɐ] | |
turibulum | incense burner | incensarium | LL incensum with locational suffix -arium. | Pr. [ɪnkens̺áːrju] O.Fr [entsens̺jǽr] 'incense burner' Fr. [ɑ̃sɑ̃sje] 'rosemary' | |
thurmas | crowds | fulcos | Frankish *fulc. | O.Fr [fóls] Fr. [fulə.z]fem O.Oc. folcs |
Pr. [tʊ́rmas̺] It. [tórme] Fri. torme Sd. [tɾúːmaza] Rm. [túrme] |
tutamenta | defenses | defendementa | CL defendere 'protect' with instrumental suffix -mentum. | O.Fr defendemenz | — |
uecors | foolish, senseless | esdarnatus | Frankish *darn. | Fr. dial [daʁnə] 'stumbling, impulsive' | |
ueru | roasting-spit | spidus | Frankish *spit. | O.Fr [es̺péi̯ts]nom | Pr. [βerrʊ́klu][upper-roman 12] O.Fr [veróʎ] Fr. [vɛʁu][upper-roman 13] Oc. [barúl] O.Sp [βeróʒo][upper-roman 14] O.Pt [βeróʎo][upper-roman 15] .'door-bolt' |
O.Fr [es̺péi̯θ]acc Fr. [epwa] Sp. [es̺péto] Pt. [iʃpétu] | |||||
uespertiliones | bats | calves sorices | In CL this would mean 'bald mice'. | Pr. [kálβas̺ s̺oríːkes̺] O.Fr [tʃálvəs̺ s̺oríts] Fr. [ʃofsuʁiz] |
Pr. [βes̺pertɛ́ɭɭu]dim O.It [vispistrɛ́llo] It. [pipistrɛ́llo] Ast. [es̺peɾtéʝu] |
uestis | garment | rauba | Frankish *rauba 'spoils of war, garments' | O.Fr [rɔ́bə] Fr. [ʁɔbə] Oc. [ráu̯βɔ] Ct. [rɔ́βə] It. [rɔ́ːba] Sp. [rópa] Pt. [ʁóu̯pɐ] |
Pr. [βes̺tɪmɛ́ntu] O.Fr [ves̺təmɛ́nt] Fr. [vɛtəmɑ̃] Rs. büschmaint Dl. [vestemjánt] Rm. [veʃmɨ́nt] |
uim | power | fortiam | CL fortia 'strong' reinterpreted as a feminine noun. | Pr. [fɔ́rtsja] O.Fr [fɔ́rtsə] Fr. [fɔχsə] Oc. [fɔ́ɾs̺ɔ] Ct. [fɔ́ɾs̺ə] Rs. forza It. [fɔ́rtsa] Sp. [fwéɾθa] Pt. [fóɾsɐ] |
— |
uiscera | guts | intralia | Analogous CL interanea, from Pre-Latin *interus 'inside' with adjective suffix -anea. | Pr. [ɪntráʎʎas̺] O.Fr [entráʎəs̺] Fr. [ɑ̃tχajə.z] Oc. [entɾáʎɔs̺] | |
Pr. [ɪntráɲɲas̺] O.Fr [entɾáɲəs̺] Ct. [əntɾáɲəs̺] Sp. [entɾáɲas̺] Pt. [ẽntɾɐ́ɲɐʃ] | |||||
ungues | fingernails | ungulas | CL for 'claws' diminutive of ungues. | Pr. [ʊ́ŋglas̺] O.Fr [óŋɡləs̺] Fr. [ɔ̃ɡlə.z] Oc. [úŋɡlɔs̺] Ct. [úŋɡləs̺] Rs. [úŋgləs] It. [úŋɡje] Dl. [jóŋgle] Sd. [úŋgɾaza] Sp. [úɲas̺] Pt. [úɲɐʃ] Rm. [úŋɡʲ] | |
uorax | devouring | manducans | CL for 'chewing'. Manducare later became the standard word for 'eat' in most Romance languages. | Pr. [mandukándo]ger O.Fr [maɲdʒjánt] Fr. [mɑ̃ʒɑ̃] Oc. [maɲdʒján] Ct. [məŋʒán] Rs. mangiond O.It [manikándo] Ara. [miɲtʃándo] Sd. [mandiɣándɛ] Rm. [mɨŋkɨ́nd] | |
urguet | he urges onward | adastat | Frankish *haist 'haste'. | O.Oc adasta[44] | |
usuris | interest on a loan | lucris | CL for 'profits, wealth'. | Pr. [lʊ́kri]nom Arom. lucri 'objects' | |
Pr. [lʊ́kros̺]acc O.Fr [lói̯rs̺] 'revenues, assets' Sp. [lóɣɾos̺] Pt. [lóɣɾuʃ] 'achievements' | |||||
utere | use | usitare | CL freq. of utere. | Pr. [úːs̺a] Fr. [yzə] Oc. [ýz̺ɔ] Ct. [úz̺ə] It. [úːza] Sp. [ús̺a] Pt. [úzɐ] | |
utres | wineskins | folli | CL folles 'leather bags, bellows'. | Pr. [fɔ́ɭɭes̺] O.Fr [fɔ́ls̺] Fr. [fuz] Oc. [fɔ́ls̺] Ct. [fóʎs̺] It. [fɔ́lli] 'madmen, fools' Sd. [fɔ́ɖɖɛzɛ] Sp. [fwéʎes̺] Pt. [fɔ́lɨʃ] Rm. [fo̯ále] 'bellows' |
Pr. [ʊ́tres̺] Fr. [útχə.z]fem It. [ótri] Sp. [óðɾes̺] Pt. [óðɾɨʃ] Arom. utri |
uuas | grapes | racemos | CL for 'clusters, bunches' often in reference to grapes. | Pr. [rakíːmos̺] O.Fr [rai̯dzíns̺] Fr. [ʁɛzɛ̃z] Oc. [razíns̺] Ct. [rə.íms̺] 'grapes' Sp. [raθímos̺] Pt. [ʁɐsímuʃ] 'clusters' | Pr. [úːβas̺] Rs. ieuvas It. [úːve] Dl. [jói̯.ve] Sd. [úːaza] Sp. [úβas̺] Pt. [úvɐʃ] Rm. dial aue |
Pr. [rakíːmʊli]dim It. [raʧíːmoli] 'clusters' |
Notes et références
Notes
- Lire: abeo.
- Lire: abietarii.
- Lire: castro.
- Lire: crabrones.
- Lire: cribro.
- Lire: cingulum.
- Lire: furentur.
- Lire: habenas.
- Lire: harundine.
- Lire: hebetatum.
- Lire: hyacinthinas.
- Lire: labrum.
- Lire: papula.
- Lire: polenta.
- Lire: malus clavus.
- Lire: tero.
- The [i̯s̺] ending is of uncertain origin. It may have been taken from *trasjo < Classical Latin transeo 'I cross'[4] The resulting *vau̯sjo would then yield vois by regular developments.
- The superscript x[5] indicates that this word lengthens the initial consonant of a following word, a phenomenon known as raddoppiamento fonosintattico or 'phonosyntactic doubling'. Usually (but not in the case of vo) this indicates that the first word historically ended in a consonant which tended to assimilate to the following word.
- Old Spanish had [βo], as expected. The origin of the later [i̯] is debated. It may either reflect O.Sp y 'there' or be the result of contamination from the following pronoun in the phrase vo-yo 'I go'.[6].
- Compounded with [pɔɾku] 'pig'.
- Which, combined with the definite article al, was borrowed into Spanish as [alˈkaθaɾ].
- With remnants of the prefix ex[12].
- Initial consonant probably taken from Latin perdix, 'partridge'[16].
- Variant of O.Fr [vɛspəs] (from Latin vespas) with the initial consonant taken from the Frankish word[17] Germanic /w/ was borrowed into Romance as /gw/.[18].
- In the Sursilvan dialect, masculine singular -s survives as a predicative ending in adjectives. E.g. il paun ei cars 'the bread is expensive'[20].
- With an early change in suffix from -ia to -ía.[26]
- Unexpected [i] due to influence from unrelated chemin 'path, way' via folk-etymology.[28]
- Future stem of aller 'to go'.
- With spontaneous and irregular nasalization[29].
Old Portuguese had the expected form [si]. - Still refers to a measure of land in some dialects[30].
- [ad] possibly taken from O.Sp granada[31].
- The nasal element is of unknown origin[29].
- The preceding asterisk indicates that these words, in isolation, would be ungrammatical in modern French. The complete phrase would have to be il n'épargna pas.
- Nasalization came from an /n/ that was added in Middle French, under the influence of CL monstrare[33].
- Restoration of intervocalic /p/ possibly the result of onomatopoeia for the flapping of a butterfly's wings[34].
- Later replaced by dim. [klaˈβɛl] in order to distinguish it from [klau̯] 'key'.
- In O.Fr the initial vowel of this verb could be either [a] or [ɛ] depending on stress. Consider the following examples:
Pr. [ˈaːmat] 'he loves' > [ˈai̯məθ] > [ˈɛmə]
Pr. [aˈmaːta] 'beloved' > [aˈmæðə] > [aˈmɛə]
Subsequently [ɛ] spread to all conjugations, resulting in modern French [ɛme] 'beloved' instead of *[ame][19]. - Modern [despoxaɾon]
- Old Italian variant chiovo and modern chiodo appear to both have been influenced by words like chiudere 'shut' and chiostra 'enclosure', from Latin claudere and claustrum.
- Final -s drawn by analogy from adverbs that already ended with this sound in Latin, such as mielz, mais < melius, magis[35].
- There is a single attestation of the participle envengud in Old French. The word is otherwise nowhere to be found.
- Modern [kuɾtinɐ], without palatal [ɲ], possibly borrowed from neighboring languages or Latin.
- Devoicing from v to f is unusual and of disputed origin.
- With root modified to match [sœl] 'alone'.
- The expected outcome would have been [ʁɛmə]. The modern form appears to have taken its initial vowel from the original diminutive rameau, where the a was unstressed and hence did not change to [ɛ][38].
- Replaced in most dialects, including the standard, with toupeira < talparia.
- Modern Italian has [nwo'taːɾe], which is an unexpected form. Its origin lies in rhizotonic conjugations of notare, where the initial vowel was diphthongized to [wɔː]. This diphthong later spread to arrhizotonic forms by analogy[40].
- Diminutive of ueru. Geminate r taken from ferru 'iron'[41]
- Back-formation from O.Fr plural [veroʎts]> [verus].[42] The expected outcome of the singular [veroʎ] would have been *[vɛʁuj], cf. fenouil < *fenuclu.
- Modern [θeroxo], with the initial consonant taken from cerrar 'to shut'[43]
- Modern [fɨʁoʎu], with the initial consonant taken from ferro 'iron'.[43].
Références
- (es) Quirós, « Las Glosas De Reichenau », Filología y Lingüística, vol. 12, , p. 43 (lire en ligne, consulté le )
- Diament, « A New Hypothesis of the origin of French Aller », WORD, vol. 24, nos 1–3, , p. 73–80 (DOI 10.1080/00437956.1968.11435516)
- Alkire et Rosen 2010.
- Pope 1934, p. 362
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