Turc ottoman
Le turc ottoman, turc osmanlı ou turc ancien (en turc ottoman لغة تركية Lughâ-türkiyâ ; توركى Türkī ; لغة عثمانية, Lughâ-ı Osmāniyyâ ; توركج Türkçe) était la langue officielle de l'Empire ottoman. Son caractère officiel de langue de l'État était fixé par l’article 8 de la constitution de 1876[1] jusqu'aux réformes linguistiques menées par Mustafa Kemal après 1923, après la disparition de cet Empire. Le turc osmanli s'écrit avec une version de l'alphabet arabe, et se caractérise par une proportion importante de termes venant de l'arabe ou du persan.
| Turc ottoman لسان عثمانى Lisân-ı Osmânî Osmanlı türkçesi | |
| Langues filles | Turc |
|---|---|
| Pays | Empire ottoman |
| Typologie | SOV agglutinante |
| Écriture | Alphabet turc ottoman |
| Classification par famille | |
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| Statut officiel | |
| Langue officielle | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Empire ottoman
|
| Codes de langue | |
| ISO 639-2 | ota |
| ISO 639-3 | ota |
| IETF | ota |
| Échantillon | |
پاَدِ شَاهِمْ چُوقْ يَشَا سَلْطَنَتْ؛ الله ذُوالْجِلاَلِڭ تَنْوِيرِ عُقُولْ، تَهْذِيبِ نُفُوسْ و تَعْدِيلِ حَرِكَاتْ و اَعْمَالْ ايچُونْ تَشْرِيعْ بُيُورْدِيغى اَحْكَامْ و قَوَانِينِ قُرْآنْ و سُنَّتْ اَحْمَدِيِّه دَنْ اِسْتِنْبَاطَه اِقْتِدَارْ حَاصِلْ ايتْدِكْدَنْ صُوكْرَه اِنْفَاذْ ديمَكْدِرْ. قُوِّهُ رُوحَانِيِّه و جِسْمَانِيِّه يى يَدِ وَاحِدده جَمْعْ ايدَنْ بُويْله بِرْ رِيَاسَتْ صَاحِبِنه سُلْطَانْ، اِمَامْ و خَلِيفه دِينُورْ. بِنَاءً عَلَيْه سُلْطَانْ يَاخُودْ اِمَامْ يَاخُودْ خَلِفه بَاطِنًا اَحْكَامِ شَرِيعَتِڭ حَقَائِقَنه وَاقِفْ و ظَاهِرًا اِنْفَاذِنه مَاْمُورْ اولاَنْ ذَاتِ جَلِيلُ الْمَقَامْدِرْ. |
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Kemal a ensuite fait adopter l'alphabet latin pour écrire le turc et a encouragé les travaux visant à remplacer les mots arabes ou persans par des néologismes d'origine turque.
Grammaire
La grammaire du turc ottoman n'est pas différente de celle du turc moderne.
Les temps et modes
Le turc connaît plusieurs temps et modes.
Il existe deux groupes de verbes selon l'harmonie vocalique : les verbes composés de voyelles antérieures terminés en -mek (مك-) et les verbes composés de voyelles postérieures terminés en -mak (مق-).
| Forme temporelle/modale | Suffixe latin | Suffixe ottoman |
|---|---|---|
| Progressif | -mekte / -makta | مقده / -مكده- |
| Nécessitatif | -meli / -malı | ملو- (-melü / -malu) |
| Aoriste positif | -(e/i)r / -(a/ı)r | ه)ر)- |
| Aoriste négatif | -mez / -maz | مز- |
| Impossibilité | -eme / -ama | ه مه- |
| Futur | -(y)ecek / -(y)acak | ه جق / -ه جك- |
| Passé non constaté | -miş | مش- |
| Présent continu | -iyor | يور- |
| Passé constaté | -di (forme pleine : idi) | (ايدى) دى- |
| Conditionnel | -se (forme pleine : ise) | (ايسه) سه- |
Les terminaisons de personnes
...
Les déclinaisons
Le turc connaît des déclinaisons pour les noms et les pronoms et non pas pour les adjectifs comme dans beaucoup d'autres langues.
| Déclinaison des noms | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cas | ev (maison) او | adam (homme) ادم | |||||
| Nom | Terminaison | Latin | Ottoman | Traduction | Latin | Ottoman | Traduction |
| Absolu | - | ev | او | maison (sujet ou objet indéfini) | adam | ادم | homme (sujet ou objet indéfini) |
| Accusatif | -i (ى) | evi | اوى | la maison (objet défini) | adamı | ادمى | homme (objet défini) |
| Datif | -e (ه) | eve | اوه | vers la maison | adama | ادمه | vers l'homme |
| Locatif | -de/da (ده) | evde | اوده | dans la maison | adamda | ادمده | dans l'homme |
| Ablatif | -den/dan (دن) | evden | اودن | depuis la maison | adamdan | ادمدن | depuis l'homme |
| Génitif | -(n)in (نڭ) | evin | اوڭ | appartenant à la maison | adamın | ادمڭ | appartenant à l'homme |
| Instrumental | -(y)le/(y)la / ile (ايله) | evle | (او ايله) اوله | avec la maison | adamla | (ادم ايله) ادمله | avec l'homme |
Le suffixe de pluriel -ler/-lar (لر-) est le premier à s'ajouter au nom. La déclinaison reste régulière ensuite : اولرى pour dire « les maisons » en tant qu'objet défini. Par exemple : اولرى گوريورم (evleri görüyorum) Je vois les maisons.
| Déclinaison des pronoms personnels | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cas | Singulier | Pluriel | ||||||||||
| Première | Deuxième | Troisième | Première | Deuxième | Troisième | |||||||
| Absolu | ben | بن | sen | سن | o | او | biz | بز | siz | سز | onlar | اونلر |
| Accusatif | beni | بنى | seni | سنى | onu | اونى | bizi | بزى | sizi | سزى | onları | اونلرى |
| Datif | bana | بڭا | sana | سڭا | ona | اونه | bize | بزه | size | سزه | onlara | اونلره |
| Locatif | bende | بنده | sende | سنده | onda | اونده | bizde | بزده | sizde | سزده | onlarda | اونلرده |
| Ablatif | benden | بندن | senden | سندن | ondan | اوندن | bizden | بزدن | sizden | سزدن | onlardan | اونلردن |
| Génitif | benim | بنم | senin | سنڭ | onun | اونڭ | bizim | بزم | sizin | سزڭ | onların | اونلرڭ |
| Instrumental | benimle | (بنم ايله) بنمله | seninle | (سنڭ ايله) سنڭله | onunla | (اونڭ ايله) اونڭله | bizimle | (بزم ايله) بزمله | sizinle | (سزڭ ايله) سزڭله | onlarla | (اونلر ايله) اونلرله |
L'expression de la possession
La grammaire du turc ottoman gardait les traits turciques originels à quoi s'ajoutaient des éléments des grammaires arabe et persane. Ainsi, il existe deux manières d'exprimer la possession en turc ottoman.
La possession turcique
Pour exprimer la possession, le turc ottoman et le turc actuel ont conservé un système en deux parties formé par l'utilisation du génitif sur l'élément possesseur et du possessif sur l'élément possédé. Le possesseur vient avant le possédé dans la phrase turque, ce qui est une inversion par rapport au système français.
| Première personne du singulier | Deuxième personne du singulier | Troisième personne du singulier | Première personne du pluriel | Deuxième personne du pluriel | Troisième personne du pluriel | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Génitif | ben-im | بنم | sen-in | سنڭ | o-nun | اونڭ | biz-im | بزم | siz-in | سزڭ | onlar-ın | اونلرڭ |
| Possessif | -(i)m | م- | -(i)n | ڭ- | -(s)i | سى- | -(i)miz | مز- | -(i)niz | ڭز- | -leri/-ları | لرى- |
| Exemple (chat: kedi كدى) | benim kedim | بنم كديم | senin kedin | سنڭ كديڭ | onun kedisi | اونڭ كديسى | bizim kedimiz | بزم كديمز | sizin kediniz | سزڭ كديڭز | onların kedileri | اونلرڭ كديلرى |
Il est aussi possible de créer des groupes possessifs indéfinis avec la troisième personne du singulier construit avec un possédant au cas absolu et un possédé au possessif. Ces groupes permettent de créer des types d'objet particuliers qui sont inséparables : Osmanlı Devleti عثمانلى دولتى « Etat ottoman », güneş gözlüğü گونش گوزلگى « lunettes de soleil » (et non pas les lunettes appartenant au soleil).
La possession persane - l'utilisation de l'ezafe
Le système de l'ezafe était connu du turc ottoman. Contrairement au système de possession turcique, la construction se fait avec le possédé précédant le possesseur avec une liaison par un -i (-u/-ü/-ı selon l'harmonie vocalique).
Considéré comme littéraire, son utilisation était abondante dans les écrits et dénominations officielles :
- la Sublime porte se dit بابِ عالى Bab-ı ali
- l'Empire ottoman s'appelait دولت عليه عثمانيه Devlet-i aliye-i Osmaniye
Il était généralement rendu par une kasra ou une hamza lorsque le mot se terminait par un he, un vav ou un ye mais les diacritiques n'étaient pas toujours apparentes et la connexion par l'ezafe se devinait du contexte (cf. Empire ottoman ci-dessus).
Registres de langue
Selon le contexte d'utilisation, il peut exister au moins trois registres de langues :
- Fasih türkçe (turc formel) : langue de l’administration et de la poésie,
- Orta türkçe (turc moyen) : langue du commerce et des classes sociales supérieures,
- Kaba türkçe (turc vulgaire) : langue familière.
Abandon du turc ottoman et remplacement du lexique arabo-persan
Les emprunts à l'arabe
* Anciens mots toujours utilisés avec le néologisme aujourd'hui.
** Néologismes moins employés que les emprunts.
| Mot ottoman | Mot en latin | Néologisme | Signification | Remarque |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| عفو ايتمك ʻafu itmek* | affetmek | bağışlamak | pardonner | From the Persian bağışla– "to spare."[2] |
| أخلاق ahlak* | ahlak | töre | tradition | From the Old Turkic noun töre "customary law."[2] |
| ʻaile* | aile | ocak** | famille | From the Old Turkic noun ocak "hearth."[2] |
| عقبة akabe* | akabe | geçit | passage | From the root geç– "to pass."[2] |
| عقد ʻaqd*, مقاولة mukâvele | akit, mukavele | sözleşme, anlaşma, bağıt | contrat | From the Old Turkic söz "word."[2] |
| عقل ʻaql* | akıl | us** | sagesse | From the Old Turkic noun us "intelligence."[2] |
| علاقة ʻalaqe* | alaka(lı) | ilgi(li) | lié à, pertinent | From the Old Turkic root il– "to tie loosely" and "to touch."[2] |
| علامة alamet* | alamet | önsezi | prémonition | From the adjective ön "front."[2] |
| عمة amme* | amme | sargı | bandage | From the root sar– "to warp."[2] |
| عامل ʻâmil | amil | etken | facteur | From the root et– "to do."[2] |
| عملية ʻamaliyyah | ameliye | işlem | opération, processus | From the root işle– "to work."[2] |
| عامة amme | amme | kamu | public, communauté | From the Middle Persian adjective "kamu" "all."[2] |
| عمودي amudi* | amudi | dikey | perpendiculaire ; survit dans amuda kalkmak. | From the root dik– "to plant."[2] |
| عنعنة a'nane | anane | gelenek, görenek | tradition | Created by İsmet İnönü in 1947, from the root gel– "to come."[2] |
| عنغنوي ananevi* | ananevi | geleneksel | traditionnel | Created by İsmet İnönü in 1947, from the root gel– "to come."[2] |
| عساكر asakir* | asker | sü**, çeri** | soldat | The Turkish words are used in specific contexts such as subay, "army officer" and yeniçeri "janissary"). |
| عصر asr* | asır | yüzyıl | siècle | A compound formed by yüz "one hundred" and yıl "year." The replacement does not preserve the distinction between "century" and "hundred years." The distinction is sometimes important: Speaking in 2020, "yedi asır kadar önce" (some seven centuries ago), has a margin of error of some 60 or 70 years and may refer to 1260–1380, whereas "yedi yüzyıl kadar önce" refers to 1320. |
| بارز bâriz* | bariz | kesin, belli | évident | From the root kes– "to cut."[2] |
| بسيط basîṭ* | basit | kolay | simple, facile | From the noun kol "arm."[2] |
| بعض bazı* | bazı | kimi | quelques | |
| بداهة bedāhet)* | bedahet | hazırcevaplık | quick wit | |
| بشرية beşeriyyet* | beşeriyet | insanlık | humanité | |
| أبيض abyâz* | beyaz | ak | blanc | The Arabic word and the Turkish word are used in somewhat different contexts: "beyaz" translates as "fair" or "(white) clean" |
| جمعة camiʻah* | camîa | topluluk | communauté | From the adjective toplu "collective."[2] |
| جبراً cebren | cebren | zorla | forcefully | From the adjective zor– "difficult."[2] |
| جلسة calsah* | celse | oturum | audition | From the root otur– "to sit."[2] |
| جماعة cemaat* | cemaat | kurultay | société | From the Mongolian kurilta "assembly of the nobles."[2] |
| جمعية cemiyet* | cemiyet | toplum | société | From the adjective toplu "collective."[2] |
| جنوب cenûb | cenup | güney | sud | From the old Turkic Gün "sun" or "day," conserved in some Anatolian dialects to mean "sunny place."[2] |
| جرحة cerahah | cerahat | irin | pus | |
| جريان cereyan* | cereyan | akım | courant | From the root ak– "to flow."[2] |
| جواب cevâb* | cevap | yanıt | réponse | From the Old Turkic noun yanut.[2] |
| جهاز cihaz* | cihaz | aygıt | apparat | |
| جواري civarı* | civarı | dolayları | à peu près | |
| جملة cümle* | cümle | tümce** | phrase | From the noun tüm "all, entire."[2] |
| دفعة defʻa*, کره kere* | defa, kere | kez | fois | Both defa and kere are still in popular use. |
| دفينة define* | define | gömü | trésor | From the root göm– "to bury." |
| دليل delil* | delil | kanıt | preuve | |
| دور devr* | devir | çağ | ère | Borrowed from Mongolian, which itself is from Old Turkic çak.[2] |
| دورة devre* | devre | dönem | semestre | From the root dön– "to turn."[2] |
| أبعاد ebʻâd* | ebat | boyut | dimension, taille | From the Arabic buʻd. |
| أبدي ebedî* | ebedî | sonsuz | toujours | The Turkish word literally means "without-end." |
| أجداد ecdâd | ecdat | ata | ancêtre | The Turkish word literally means "father." |
| أجل ecel* | ecel | ölüm | mort | From the root öl– "to die." |
| أجنبي acnebi* | ecnebi | el, yad | étranger | |
| أدبيات edebiyyat* | edebiyat | yazın** | littérature | From the root yaz– "to write." |
| أهميات ehemmiyyet | ehemmiyet | önem | importance | |
| ألبسة elbise* | elbise | giysi | vêtement | From the root giy– "to wear." |
| أمر emr* | emir | buyruk | ordre | From the Old Turkic noun buyruk.[2] |
| amniyyah* | emniyet | güvenlik | sécurité | From the noun güven "trust." |
| أثر eser* | eser | yapıt | production (musique, film) | From the root yap– "to make."[2] |
| أسير esîr* | esir | tutsak | otage | From the root tut– "to hold."[2] |
| أطراف etraf* | etraf | ortalık | alentours | From the adjective orta "middle."[2] |
| أوراق evrâk* | evrak | belge | document | In Arabic, evrāk is the plural of vārāk; in modern Turkish, evrak is used as often a singular, although it should be used as a plural of varak. |
| أول evvel* | evvel | önce | avant | Using the adjective ön "front" as a prefix. |
| فعال faʻâl* | faal | etkin | actif | From the root et– "to do." |
| فائز faiz* | faiz | ürem**, getiri | intérêt | From the root ür– "to produce." |
| فقير، فقرة fakir, fukara* | fakir | yoksul | pauvre | From the root yok– "to not exist." |
| فرض farz* | farz | varsayım | supposition | From the root varsay– "to suppose."[2] |
| فايدة fâydah* | fayda | yarar | bénéfique, utile | |
| فن fenn*, علم ʻilm* | fen, ilim | bilim | science | From the root bil– "to know." |
| فيضان feyezan | feyezan | taşkın | courant | From the root taş– "to overflow."[2] |
| فرقة fırka* | fırka | topluluk | groupe | From the adjective toplu "collective."[2] |
| فرقة furqah | fırkat | ayrılık | disparité | From the Old Turkic root ayr– "to separate."[2] |
| فكر fikr* | fikir | görüş | opinion | From the root gör– "to see." |
| فعل fiʻl* | fiil | eylem | verbe | From the root ey– "to do." |
| غرب garb | garp | batı | ouest | From the root bat– "to sink." |
| غير gayr | gayri | olmayan, başka, dışı | non-, autre | |
| غذاء gıda* | gıda | besin | nourriture | |
| حادثة hadise* | hadise | olay | évènement | From the root ol-, meaning "to be", "to become".[2] |
| حافظة hâfıza* | hafıza | bellek | mémoire | The new word is commonly used in electronics, like computer memory, i.e. önbellek for cache |
| خفيف hafif* | hafif | yeğni** | léger | The Turkish word is rarely used. |
| حفريات hafriyyât | hafriyat | kazı | excavation | From the root kaz-, meaning "to dig".[2] |
| حق haqq* | hak | pay | portion | |
| حقيقة haqîqat* | hakikat | gerçek | vérité | |
| حاكم hâkim* | hâkim | yargıç | juge | |
| حال hâl*, وضعية vazʻiyet* | hâl, vaziyet | durum | situation | From the root dur– "to halt."[2] |
| خليطة halîta | halita | alaşım | alloy | |
| haʻmile* | hamile | gebe | enceinte | |
| خراب harâb* | harap | yıkık | ruine | From the root yık– "to destroy."[2] |
| حرارة harâret* | hararet | ısı, sıcaklık | température | The old word can be used in both meanings in Turkish language. |
| حركة harekkat* | hareket | devinim** | mouvement | |
| حرف harf* | harf | ses, imce** | lettre | From the Old Turkic noun ses– "to voice."[2] |
| حسرة hasra* | hasret | özlem | mélancolie | |
| حساس hassas* | hassas | duyarlı | sensible | From the root duy– "to feel."[2] |
| حشرة haşara* | haşere | böcek | insecte | |
| خطأ hatâ*, قصور kusûr* | hata, kusur | yanlış | erreur | |
| حطب hatb | hatab | odun | bois | |
| ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ḫaṭavāt | hatavat | adımlar | steps | |
| خاطرة hâtıra* | hatıra | anı | memoir | From the root an– "to call to mind."[2] |
| حياة hayât*, عمر ömr* | hayat, ömür | yaşam, dirim** | life | From the root yaşa– "to live." |
| حيثية haysiyyet* | haysiyet | saygınlık | respectability | From the root say– "to count."[2] |
| حزم hazm* | hazım | sindirim | digestion | |
| هدية hediyye* | hediye | armağan | gift | |
| هيئة hey'et* | heyet | kurul | board (company) | From the root kur– "to set up."[2] |
| حدة hiddet* | hiddet | kızgınlık, öfke | anger | |
| حكاية hikâye* | hikâye | öykü | story | Neologism coined by Nurullah Ataç.[2] |
| خلاف hilâf | hilaf | karşıt | contrary | From the noun karşı "opposite." |
| حس his* | his | duygu | feeling | From the root duy– "to feel." |
| خواجه hôca* | hoca | öğretmen | teacher | From the root 'öğret-, meaning "to teach". |
| حدود hudut* | hudut | sınır | border. | Sınır is a Greek borrowing.[2] |
| حقوق hukuk* | hukuk | tüze** | (judiciary) law | From the Old Turkic root tuz– "to command."[2] |
| خلاصة hulasa* | hulasa | özet | summary | |
| خصوص husûs* | husus | konu | subject | Coined in 1935 from the root kon– "to be placed."[2] |
| حضور huzûr* | huzur | dirlik** | comfort | |
| حجرة hucre* | hücre | göze** | cell | |
| هجوم hücûm* | hücum | saldırı | attack | From the root saldır– "to attack."[2] |
| حرمة hürmet* | hürmet | saygı | respect | From the root say– "to count."[2] |
| إرثية ırsiyet* | ırsiyet | kalıtım | heredity | From the root kal– "to remain."[2] |
| إصرار ısrar* | ısrar | üsteleme | insisting | From the adjective üst "above." |
| إصطلاح ıstılah* | ıstılah | terim | term | Borrowed from Persian.[2] |
| إجتماع içtima | içtima | kavuşum | new moon (astronomy) | |
| إجتماعي ictimai | içtimai | toplumsal | communal | From the adjective toplu "collective."[2] |
| إدارة idare* | idare | yönetim | administration | From the root yönet– "to give direction ."[2] |
| إدرار idrar* | idrar | sidik | urine | The original meaning of the Arabic word is "the action of yielding milk". The Turkish word is derived from an old Turkic verb siymek, meaning "to urinate". |
| إفادة ifade* | ifade | anlatım | narration | From the root anlat– "to explain." |
| إفتخار iftihâr* | iftihar | övünme | pride | From the root öv– "to praise." |
| إحتراس ihtiras* | ihtiras | tutku | passion | From the root tut– "to hold." |
| إحتواء ihtiva | ihtiva etmek | içermek | to comprise | From the adjective iç "inside." |
| إحتياج ihtiyâc * | ihtiyaç | gereksinme, gereksinim | need | iħtiyāj is an Arabic verbal-noun form of iħtāj, meaning "need" |
| إختيار ihtiyâr* | ihtiyar | yaşlı | old (age) | From the noun yaş "age." |
| إحتياط ihtiyât | ihtiyat | yedek | backup, spare | |
| إحتياط ihtiyatlı* | ihtiyatlı | uyanık | wide-awake | From the root uyan– "to arouse." |
| إقتباس iktibas | iktibas | alıntı | copying (in literature; referencing) | From the root al– "to take" |
| آلهة ilahe* | ilahe | tanrıça | goddess Tanrı (God) + –ça of Serbo-Croatian | Serbo-Croat supplied the feminine suffix, –ça, which Turkish lacked. |
| علاوة ilave* | ilave | ek | addition | |
| إلهام ilhâm* | ilham | esin | inspiration | |
| عمار ʻimâr* | imar | bayındırlık | construction, development | |
| إمكان imkân* | imkân | olanak | opportunity, possibility | From the root ol– "to exist."[2] |
| إملاء imlâ* | imla | yazım | orthography | From the root yaz– "to write."[2] |
| إمتداد imtidad* | imtidad | uzay | space | From the root uza– "to extend."[2] |
| إمتحان imtihân | imtihan | sınav, yazılı | examination | From the Tatar root sına– "to test." |
| امتياز imtiyâz* | imtiyaz | ayrıcalık | "to write." | From the adjective ayrı "separate." |
| انحسار inhisâr | inhisar | tekel | monopoly | Ömer Asım Aksoy coined from tekel "single hand."[2] |
| انسان insân* | insan | kul** | human | The new word is used almost only in religious context. |
| انطباع intiba | intiba | izlenim | impression | |
| انتخاب intihab* | intihab | seçim | election | From the root seç– "to choose." |
| انتحال intihal | intihal | aşırma | plagiarism | From the root aşır– "to steal." |
| ابتدائی ibtidâ‘î | iptidai | ilkel | primary; primitive | From the word ilk "first." |
| ارتفاع irtifâʻ* | irtifa | yükseklik | altitude | The old word is only used in aviation, as in "the altitude of the plane". |
| ارثی irsî* | ırsi | kalıtsal, kalıtımsal | hereditary | From the root kal– "to remain." |
| اسم ism* | isim | ad | name | |
| اِسْكَانْ iskan* | iskan | konut | abode | From the root kon– "to settle."[2] |
| اِسْتِخْدَامْ istihdam* | istihdam | dağıtım | distribution | From the root dağıt– "to distribute."[2] |
| إستحصال istiḥṣāl | istihsal | üretim | production | From the root üret– "to produce."[2] |
| استقامت istikamet* | istikamet | yön | direction | |
| إستقلال istiqlal* | istiklal | bağımsızlık | independence, freedom | From the noun bağ "tie, bond, impediment."[2] |
| استراحة istirâhat* | istirahat | dinlenme | rest | From the root dinlen– "to rest." |
| استثمار istismar* | istismar | sömürge | colony | From the root sömür– "to exploit."[2] |
| إستثقال istisḳāl | istiskal | aşağılama | abasement | |
| استثناء istisnâ'* | istisna | aykırı | exception | |
| اشارت işaret* | işaret | gösterge | indicator | From the root göster– "to show."[2] |
| اشتغال iştigâl | iştigal | uğraş, uğraşı | occupation | |
| اشتراك iştirâk* | iştirak | ortaklık | association | |
| اتمام itmam* | itmam | tamamlama | completion | From the adjective tam "complete, full." |
| ايضاح izâh* | izah | açıklama | clarification | From the root aç– "to open." |
| ازدواج izdivâc | izdivaç | evlilik | marriage | From the noun ev "house." |
| قابليه kâbiliyet* | kabiliyet | yetenek, yeti | talent, ability | From the root yet– "to reach."[2] |
| قادر kader* | kader | yazgı | fate | From the root yaz– "to write."[2] |
| قفة qaffa* | kafa | baş | head | |
| كافي kâfi* | kâfi | yeter | enough | From the root yet– "to be enough."[2] |
| قاعده kaide* | kaide | taban | floor | |
| كائنات kâ'inât* | kâinat | evren | universe | |
| قلب kalb* | kalp | yürek | heart | |
| قانون kânûn* | kanun | yasa | law | Borrowed from Mongolian.[2] |
| قانون اساسى kanunuesasi | kanunuesasi | anayasa | constitution (law) | Literally "mother law." |
| قافيه kâfiye* | kafiye | uyak | rhyme | From the root uy– "to comply, fit." |
| كانون اول kânûn-ı evvel | aralık | December | "Aralık" was adopted during the drafting of the 1945 Constitution because it occurred in the text. With the new name for December it became the subject of jokes on the theme that the transition from December to January—Aralıktan Ocağa—now meant passing through the gap into the fire.[2] | |
| كانون ثانی kânûn-ı sânî | ocak | January | "Ocak," the new name for January preserves the meaning of kânun "hearth."[2] | |
| كلمه kelime* | kelime | sözcük, söz | word | Invented by Melih Cevdet Anday in 1958.[2] |
| قرمز ghermez* | kırmızı | al**, kızıl | red | The Arabic and the Turkish words are used in somewhat different contexts. kızıl is mostly used for red hair. |
| قسم kısm* | kısım | bölüm | part | From the root böl– "to divide." |
| كتاب ketab* | kitap | betik** | book | From the Old Turkic root biti– "to write," which is a loanword from Chinese word 筆, meaning "brush."[2] |
| كفر kufr* | küfür | sövme** | curse | From the root söv– "to swear, curse."[2] |
| قوة kuvvet* | kuvvet | güç, erk | power, force | In physics, the old word is used for "force" and the new word is used for "power". |
| كُلِّيَتْ külliyet* | külliyet | tüm | whole | |
| كرة küre* | küre | yuvar** | sphere | |
| لطيفه lâtîfe | latife | şaka | joke | The new word is also of Arabic origin (from the word şaḳā (شقاء)), meaning "pity, being unfortunate" |
| لسان lisân* | lisan | dil | language | dil means both tongue in the physical sense and language, while "lisan" only means tongue in the language sense. |
| لغات lûġat | lügat | sözlük | dictionary | |
| لزوملو lüzûmlu* | lüzumlu | gerekli | necessary | |
| ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻒ me‘ārif* | maarif | eğitim | education | |
| معاش maʻâş* | maaş | aylık | salary | From the noun ay "moon, month" |
| معباد maʻbed* | mabet | tapınak | temple | From the root tap– "to worship." |
| مادة maddî* | maddî | özdeksel** | material, materialistic | The Turkish word is exclusively used in the context of philosophy. |
| مفصل mafsal | mafsal | eklem | ligament | The old word is used for "hinge" (non-anatomical). |
| مغدور mağdûr* | mağdur | kıygın** | wronged, injured | The new word is almost never used. |
| مغلوبيات maʻlubiyyat* | mağlubiyet | yenilgi | defeat | From the root yen– "to defeat." |
| محلى mahalli* | mahalli | yöresel | regional | |
| محفوظ mahfuz | mahfuz | saklı | hidden | From the root sakla– "to hide." |
| مخلوق mahlûk* | mahluk | yaratık | creature | From the root yarat– "to create." |
| محصول mahsûl* | mahsul | ürün | product | The new word actually meant "weed". |
| مخصوص mahsûs* | mahsus | özgü | peculiar | |
| مقصد maksad*, غايه gaye*, هدف hedef* | maksat, gaye, hedef | amaç, erek | goal | |
| معقول maʻkûl* | makul | uygun, elverişli | reasonable | From the root uy– "to comply." |
| معنة maʻnah* | mâna | anlam | meaning | From the root anla– "to comprehend." |
| معنوي manevî* | manevî | tinsel** | moral, spiritual | The Turkish word is exclusively used in the context of philosophy. |
| مانع mâniʻ* | mani | engel | obstacle | |
| مصرف masraf* | masraf | gider, harcama | cost | From the root git– "to go, leave." |
| مطبعه matbaa* | matbaa | basım evi | printing | From the root bas– "to press." |
| معذرت mazeret* | mazeret | gerekçe | corollary | From the root gerek– "to need." |
| ﻣﺒﺪﺃ mebde’* | mebde | başlangıç | beginning | |
| مجاز mecaz*, استعارة istiare | mecaz | iğretileme, eğretileme | metaphor | |
| مجبور mecbûr* | mecbur | zorunlu | obligation, obligatory | Both the new and the old words can be used as either a noun or an adjective. |
| مجهول mechûl* | meçhul | bilinmeyen | unknown | From the root bil– "to know." |
| مدني madanni* | medeni | uygar | civil | Borrowed from Uyghur. |
| مدنيات madanniyyat* | medeniyet | uygarlık | civilization | From the name of the Uyghur Uygur, who established an advanced civilization in Eastern Turkestan in the tenth to twelfth centuries.[2] |
| مفهوم mefhûm* | mefhum | kavram | concept | From the root kavra– "to grasp, understand." |
| مکروه mekrûh* | mekruh | iğrenç | disgusting | |
| مملکت memleket* | memleket | ülke | country | The old word is used for "one's native region" |
| ﻣﻨﺸﺄ menşe* | menşe | kök | root | |
| مراسم merâsim* | merasim | tören | ceremony | |
| مساحه mesaha* | mesaha | yüzölçüm | area, measure of | From the root ölç– "to measure." |
| مرثيه mersiye | mersiye | ağıt | elegy | |
| مسافه mesafe* | mesafe | uzaklık | distance | From the root uza– "to extend."[2] |
| مثانة mesane* | mesane | sidik kesesi | urinary bladder | |
| مثلا meselâ* | mesela | örneğin | for example | |
| مسعود mesʻûd* | mesut | mutlu, sevinçli | happy | |
| مسئوليات maʻsûliyyat* | mesuliyet | sorumluluk | responsibility | |
| مشهور meşhûr* | meşhur | ünlü | famous | From the noun ün "fame." |
| مشروبات meşrûbât* | meşrubat | içecek | beverage | From the root iç– "to drink." |
| موقع mevkiʻ مكان mekân* | mevki, mekân | yer, konum | location | From the root kon– "to settle."[2] |
| موضع mevzi* | mevzi | bölge | location | From the root böl– "to divide." |
| ميدان meydân*, ساحه sâha | meydan, saha | alan** | open area, plaza | While the new word is used mainly in mathematics (as in the "area" of a triangle), it is seldom used with the same meaning of the old words except in compound words like havaalanı (airport), not hava meydanı (older version). |
| ميل meyl* | meyil | eğim, eğilim | inclination | From the root eğil– "to incline." |
| مزار mezar* | mezar | gömüt** | cemetery | From the root göm– "to bury." |
| منطقة mıntıka | mıntıka | bölge | region | From the root böl– "to divide." |
| ملت millet* | millet | ulus | ulus | From the Mongolian noun uluş "confederation of people."[2] |
| مراث mirâs* | miras | kalıt** | inheritance | From the root kal– "to remain."[2] |
| مسافر misâfir* | misafir | konuk | guest | From the root kon– "to settle."[2] |
| مثال misâl* | misal | örnek | example | |
| مسکين miskîn* | miskin | uyuşuk, mıymıntı | lazy | From the root uyuş– "to numb." |
| معامله muʻâmele* | muamele | davranış | treatment, behavior | From the root davran– "to behave." |
| معما muʻammâ | muamma | bilmece | puzzle, trivia | From the root bil– "to know." |
| معاصر muʻâsır | muasır | çağdaş, güncel | contemporary | |
| معاون muʻâvin* | muavin | yardımcı | helper | |
| معجزه muʻcize* | mucize | tansık** | miracle | The new word is almost never used. |
| مغذي mugaddii | mugaddi | besleyici | nourisher | |
| مغالطه mugalata | mugalata | yanıltmaca | deceptive statement | From the root yanılt– "to mislead." |
| مغني، مغنيه muganni, muganniye | muganni,muganniye | şarkıcı | singer | |
| مغايرة mugayeret | mugayeret | aykırılık | irregularity | |
| مغاير mugayir | mugayir | aykırı | irregular | The old word has only remained as a legal term meaning "adverse". |
| مخابره muhabere | muhabere | iletişim, iletişme | communication | From the root ilet– "to transmit." |
| مهاجرة muhaceret | muhaceret | göç | emigration | From the root göç– "to move." |
| مهاجم muhacim | muhacim | saldıran, saldırıcı | attacker, offender | From the root saldır– "to attack." |
| مهاجر muhacir | muhacir | göçmen | immigrant | From the root göç– "to move." |
| محدب muhaddep | muhaddep | dış bükey | convex | From the root bük– "to bend." |
| محافظة muhafaza* | muhafaza | koruma | conservation | From the root koru– "to protect." |
| محافظ muhafız | muhafız | koruyucu | protector | From the root koru– "to protect." |
| محاكمه muhakeme* | muhakeme | yargılama, uslamlama | judgment, argumentation | |
| مدة muddat* | müddet | süre | duration | From the root sür– "to last." |
| محقق muhakkak* | muhakkak | kesin(likle) | certain(ly) | |
| محقق muhakkik | muhakkik | soruşturmacı | investigator | From the root sor– "to ask." |
| محال muhal | muhal | olanaksız | impossible | From the root ol– "to exist." |
| مخالفة muhallaffat* | muhalefet | karşıtlık | opposition | From the adjective karşı "opposite."[2] |
| مخمن muhammen | muhammen | oranlanan, ön görülen | pre-determined | |
| مخمس muhammes | muhammes | beşgen | pentagon | From the noun beş "five." |
| محاربه muhârebe, حرب harb | muharebe, harp | savaş | war | |
| محارب muharip | muharip | savaşçı | warrior | |
| محرر muharrer | muharrer | yazılı, yazılmış | written | From the root yaz– "to write."[2] |
| محرك muharrik | muharrik | kışkırtıcı, ayartıcı | provoker | From the root kışkırt– "to provoke." |
| محاصره muhasara | muhasara | kuşatma | siege | From the root kuşat– "to encircle."[2] |
| محاسبه muhasebe* | muhasebe | saymanlık | accounting, bookkeeping | From the root say– "to count."[2] |
| محاسبجي muhasebeci* | muhasebeci | sayman | accountant, bookkeeper | From the root say– "to count."[2] |
| محتمل muhtemel* | muhtemel | olası | possible | From the root ol– "to happen." |
| محتويات muhteviyyât | muhteviyat | içindekiler | ingredients | From the adjective iç "inside." |
| مقدس mukaddes | mukaddes | kutsal | sacred | |
| منتظم muntazam* | muntazam | düzgün, düzenli | tidy | From the root düz– "to align."[2] |
| مربع murabbaʻ | murabba | kare | square | A loanword from the French carré. |
| معتدل muʻtedil | mutedil | ılım(lı) | moderate(ly) | |
| موفقيت muvaffakıyyet | muvaffakiyet | başarı | success | From the root başar– "to succeed (in)." |
| مبالغه mübalâga | mübalağa | abartı | exaggeration | From the root abart– "to exaggerate." |
| مجادله mücâdele* | mücadele | çaba, uğraş | endeavor | |
| مجرد mücerrit | mücerrit | soyut | abstract | From the root soy– "to strip."[2] |
| مدافعه müdâfaʻa | müdafaa | koruma | sustain, protect, defend | From the root koru– "to protect." |
| مداخله müdâhale* | müdahale | karışma | intervention | From the root karış– "to interfere, meddle with." |
| مُلَازِمْ mülazım* | mülazım | teğmen | lieutenant | From the Old Turkic teğ– "to touch," which Turkish retains as değ–.[2] |
| مدت müddet* | müddet | süre | duration | From the root sür– "to last." |
| مدركه mudrike | müdrike | anlık | intellect (in psychology) | |
| مؤدب mueddep | müeddep | uslu | well behaved, demure | From the noun us "intelligence." |
| مؤلفات muelleffat | müellefat | (yazılı) yapıt | (written) piece | From the root yap– "to make." |
| مؤلف، محرر muellif, muharrir | müellif, muharrir | yazar | writer | From the root yaz– "to write." |
| مؤمن muemmen | müemmen | sağlanmış | secured | From the adjective sağ "alive." |
| مؤنث muennes | müennes | dişil | feminine | |
| مؤسسه mu‘essese | müessese | kurum | foundation | From the root kur– "to set up." Kurum is recorded in Tarama Sözlüğü (1963-77) as occurring in two dictionaries from the fourteenth and eighteenth century.[2] |
| مؤثر muessir | müessir | dokunaklı | touching | From the root dokun– "to touch." |
| مؤسس muessis | müessis | kurucu | founder | From the root kur– "to set up."[2] |
| مفكره mufekkrireh | müfekkire | düşünce gücü | thought capacity | From the root düşün– "to think." |
| مفرد mufrett | müfret | tekil | singular | From the adjective tek "single." |
| مفلس muflis | müflis | batkın | one that's gone bankrupt | From the root bat– "to sink." |
| مهم mühim* | mühim | önemli | important | From the noun önem "importance." |
| مؤمن mü‘min | mümin | inanan, inançlı | believer | From the root inan– "to believe." |
| مناسبت münâsebet* | münasebet | ilişki | relation | From the Old Turkic root il– "to tie loosely" and "to touch."[2] |
| منتخب müntahib* | müntahib | seçmen | voter | From the root seç– "to choose." |
| مراجعت mürâcaʻat | müracaat | başvuru | application | From the root başvur– "to apply." |
| مركب mürekkeb | mürekkep | birleşmiş, birleşik | ink | From the root birleş– "to unite." |
| مرتب murrettip | mürettip | dizgici | type setter | From the root diz– "to align."[2] |
| مسابقه müsâbaka | müsabaka | karşılaşma | match, competition | From the adjective karşı "opposite."[2] |
| مسامحه müsâmaha | müsamaha | hoşgörü | tolerance | From the root gör– "to see." |
| مُسَاو۪ي müsavi* | müsavi | eşit | equal | From the noun eş "pair." |
| مسدس müseddes* | müseddes | altıgen | hexagon | From the noun altı "six." |
| مستهجن müstehcen* | müstehcen | uygunsuz | inappropriate, obscene | From the root uy– "to comply."[2] |
| مستملك mustamlak | müstemleke | sömürge | colony (exploitee) | From the root sömür– "to exploit."[2] |
| مسوده müsvedde* | müsvedde | taslak | draft | |
| مشابه، مماثل muşabbih, mumassil | müşabih, mümasil | benzer | similar | From the root benze– "to resemble." |
| مشبهات muşşabbahat | müşabehet | benzerlik | similarity | From the root benze– "to resemble." |
| مشخص müşahhas | müşahhas | somut | concrete (in concept, the opposite of abstract) | |
| مشكل müşkül | müşkül | çetin** | difficult | |
| مشرك muşrik | müşrik | çoktanrıcı | polytheist | |
| مشتق müştak | müştak | türev | derivative | Borrowed from Kazakh, where verbs end not in –mek/–mak, but in –v.[2] |
| مشتكي muşteki | müşteki | yakınan, sızlanan | one who complains, whiner | |
| مشتملات muştemilat | müştemilat | eklenti | attachment, appandage | From the root ekle– "to add." |
| مشترك muşterek* | müşterek | ortak | partner | From the noun orta "middle."[2] |
| مشتري muşteri* | müşteri | alıcı, alımcı | customer | From the root al– "to buy."[2] |
| مطالعه mütâlâʻa | mütalâa | düşünce | thought | From the root düşün– "to think." |
| متارکه mütâreke | mütareke | antlaşma | armistice | From the noun ant "oath."[2] |
| متعدد muteaddit | müteaddit | birçok | a lot, many | |
| متفن muteaffin | müteaffin | kokuşuk | malodorous | From the root kok– "to smell." |
| متعهد muteahhid* | müteahhit | üstenci | contractor | |
| متعاقب muteakib | müteakip | sonra, ardından | after, thereafter | From the adjective arka "behind." |
| متعاليه mutealiye | mütealiye | deneyüstücülük | transcendentalism | |
| متعلق muteallik | müteallik | ilişkin, ilgili | related (to) | From the Old Turkic root il– "to tie loosely" and "to touch."[2] |
| متعمم muteammim | müteammim | yaygınlaşmış, genelleşmiş | something that has widespread | From the root yay– "to radiate."[2] |
| متعارفه mutearife | mütearife | belit** | axiom | |
| متبقي mutebaki | mütebaki | kalan | remaining | From the root kal– "to remain." |
| متبدل mutebeddil | mütebeddil | değişen, kararsız | one that changes, undecided | From the root değiş– "to change." |
| متبسم mutebessim | mütebessim | gülümseyen, güleç | one that smiles | From the root gül– "to laugh." |
| متجنس mutecanis | mütecanis | bağdaşık | homogenous | |
| متجاوز mutecaviz | mütecaviz | saldırgan | attacker | From the root saldır– "to attack." |
| متدين mutedeyyin | mütedeyyin | dindar | religious | Borrowed from Persian, where it means "owner of religion." |
| متأثر muteessir | müteessir | üzüntülü | sad (person) | From the root üz– "to aggrieve." |
| متفكر mutefekkir | mütefekkir | düşünür | thinker, intellectual | From the root düşün– "to think." |
| متفرق müteferrik | müteferrik | dağınık | untidy | From the root dağıt– "to distribute." |
| متحمل mutehammil | mütehammil | dayanıklı | durable | |
| متحرك muteharrik | müteharrik | devingen, oynar | mobile | |
| مُحْتَرَمْ muhterem* | muhterem | saygıdeğer | honorable | |
| متخصص mütehassıs | mütehassıs | uzman | expert | From the Old Turkic noun uz "skilled craftsman" and the intensive suffix "–man" in şişman "fat" and kocaman "huge."[2] |
| متشبث muteşşebbis | müteşebbis | girişimci | entrepreneur | From the root gir– "to enter." |
| متوازي mütevâzî* | mütevazi | alçakgönüllü | humble | |
| متوفى muteveffa | müteveffa | ölü, ölmüş | mort | From the root öl– "to die." |
| متفق muttefik* | müttefik | bağlaşık** | allié | From the root bağla– "to tie."[2] |
| مزايده muzayyadeh | müzayede | açık arttırma | auction | |
| مزمن müzmin | müzmin | süreğen | chronique | From the root sür– "to last." |
| نادر nadir*, اندر ender* | nadir, ender | seyrek | rare | |
| نغمه nağme | nağme | ezgi | mélodie | |
| ناقص nakıs* | nakıs | eksi | minus | |
| نصيحت nasîhat* | nasihat | öğüt | advice, counsel | |
| نظير nâzır | nazır | bakan | ministre | |
| نفس nefes* | nefes | soluk | souffle | |
| نسيج nesiç | nesiç | doku | mouchoir | |
| نسل nesl* | nesil | kuşak | génération | |
| نتيجه netîce* | netice | sonuç | résultat | From the combination of old Turkic nouns son "end" and uç "latter."[2] |
| نزيف nezif | nezif | kanama | hémorragie | From the noun kan "blood" |
| نصف nısf | nısıf | yarı(m) | moitié | From the root yar– "to split."[2] |
| نهايت nihâyet* | nihayet | son(unda) | fin(alement) | |
| نكاح nikâh* | nikâh | düğün | mariage | In modern Turkish, nikâh is generally used for the wedding ceremony, while düğün is used for the wedding reception or party. |
| نسبت nisbet* | nispet | oran | ratio | From the Old Turkic noun oran for "measure," "proportion" or "moderation."[2] |
| نطق nutk* | nutuk | söylev | speech | Borrowed from Kazakh, where verbs end not in –mek/–mak, but in –v.[2] |
| رفاه rafāh* | refah | gönenç | prosperity | |
| رغما ragmen* | rağmen | karşın | despite, in spite of | From the adjective karşı "opposite."[2] |
| رئيس re'îs | reis | başkan | president | |
| رأي rey* | rey | oy | vote | |
| رجعت ricat* | ricat | çekilme | retreat | From the root çek– "to pull."[2] |
| روح ruh* | ruh | tin** | spirit | The Turkish word is almost never used, except in the context of philosophy. |
| رطوبه rutûbet* | rutubet | yaşlık, ıslaklık | moisture | From the adjective yaş "dank." |
| رؤيا rü'ya* | rüya | düş | dream | |
| سادهّ sade, سائد sa'aid* | sade | yalın | plain | The Turkish word is rarely used. |
| صفحة safha* | safha | evre, aşama | stage, phase | |
| صفراء safra* | safra | öd | bile | |
| ساحل sahil* | sahil | kıyı | coast | |
| صاحب sahip* | sahip | iye** | owner | The Turkish word is seldom used; however, it is commonly used in the context of grammar when describing the possessive suffix (iyelik eki) |
| سطح sath | satıh | yüzey | surface | From the noun yüz "face." |
| سياره sayyâre | seyyare | araba, taşıt | car | Araba is the outdated expression for "car" in Arabic. The current word in Arabic for car is seyyara but in Turkish seyyar, means "transportable" or given to travel. |
| سبب sebeb* | sebep | neden | reason | |
| سفاره safarat | sefaret | büyükelçilik | embassy | |
| سلامت selâmet | selamet | esenlik | health, soundness | |
| سما semâ | sema | gök | sky | |
| سنه sene* | sene | yıl | year | |
| صحت sıhhat | sıhhat | sağlık | health | From the adjective sağ "alive." |
| سحر sihr* | sihir | büyü | magic | |
| صحبت sohbet* | sohbet | söyleşi | chat | From the root söyle– "to say." |
| سؤال su'âl | sual | soru | question | From the root sor– "to ask." |
| صلح sulh | sulh | barış | peace | |
| صنع sunî | suni | yapay | artificial | From the root yap– "to make."[2] |
| سکوت sükût | sükût | sessizlik | silence | From the noun ses "voice." |
| شاهد şâhid* | şahit | tanık | witness | From the root tanı– "to recognize." |
| شاعر şair* | şair | ozan | poet | |
| شعير şaîr* | şair | arpa | barley | |
| شرق şark | şark | doğu | east | From the root doğ– "to be born."[2] |
| شرط şart* | şart | koşul | condition | Invented in 1947 by Nurullah Ataç.[2] |
| شمال şimâl | şimal | kuzey | north | From the noun kuz "side of a mountain out of reach of the sun." Kuzey was also used in some Anatolian dialects, meaning sunless place.[2] |
| ﺷﻌﺎﻉ şu‘ā‘)* | şua | ışın | ray, gleam | |
| تعلق taalluk | taalluk | ilinti | connection, relation | From the Old Turkic root il– "to tie loosely" and "to touch."[2] |
| طبقه tabaqqa * | tabaka | katman | layer | From the noun kat "floor." |
| طبيعت ṭabîʻat* | tabiat | doğa | nature | From the root doğ– "to be born." |
| طبيعى ṭabîʻî* | tabii | doğal | natural | From the root doğ– "to be born." |
| تعبير، افاده taʻbîr, ifâde* | tabir, ifade | deyiş** | narration | |
| ṭâbiyet* | tâbiyet | uyruk** | nationality | |
| تحليل tahlil* | tahlil | inceleme | (laboratory) test (as in medicine) | |
| تخمين tahmin* | tahmin | kestirim** | guess, prediction | From the root kes– "to cut." |
| تعقيب taʻkib* | takip | izlem** | follow-up | From the root izle– "to watch." |
| طلب ṭaleb* | talep | istek | request, demand, wish | From the root iste– "to demand, request." |
| طلبه ṭalebe | talebe | öğrenci | student (plural of طالب ṭâlib, "seeker" [of knowledge]) | From the Old Turkic root igid– "to feed."[2] |
| تعمیم tâmîm* | tâmîm | genelge | circular, notice | From the adjective genel "general." |
| تعمير taʻmîr*, تعديلات taʻdîlât* | tamir, tadilat | onarım | repair, renovation | From the root onar– "to repair." |
| طرف taraf* | taraf | yan | side | |
| ترصدات tarassut* | tarassut | gözetleme | observation | |
| تاريخ tarih* | tarih | günay** | date (in time) | The Arabic word tarih also means "history". The Turkish word günay (literally meaning "day-month") is rarely used. |
| تسلط tasallut | tasallut | sarkıntılık | (sexual) harassment | From the root sark– "to dangle from." |
| تصور tasavvur | tasavvur | canlandırma, tasarı | imagine | |
| تصديق tasdîk* | tasdik | onay | approve | |
| تصحيح tashîh | tashih | düzeltme | correction | From the adjective düz "even, flat." |
| تصوير tasvîr* | tasvir | betimleme | description | |
| طياره tayyâre | tayyare | uçak | airplane | From the root uç– "to fly." |
| توصيه tavsiye* | tavsiye | salık | advice | |
| تعادل teʻâdül | teadül | denklik | equivalence | From the adjective denk "equal." |
| تعامل teʻâmül | teamül | tepkime, davranış | reaction, behavior | From the root davran– "to behave." |
| تبسم tebessüm | tebessüm | gülümseme | smile | From the root gül– "to laugh." |
| تبديل tebdîl | tebdil | değişiklik | change | From the root değiş– "to change." |
| تبريك tebrîk* | tebrik | kutlama | congratulate | From the root kutla– "to celebrate." |
| تجربه tecbüre* | tecbüre | deney | experiment | From the root dene– "to try." |
| تجلى tecellî | tecelli | belirme | emerge, appear | |
| تجسم tecessüm | tecessüm | görünme | appearance, manifestation | From the root gör– "to see." |
| تجربة tecrübe* | tecrübe | deneyim | experience | From the root dene– "to attempt."[2] |
| تجهيزات techîzât* | teçhizat | donanım | equipment | |
| تداوى tedavi* | tedavi | sağaltım** | therapy | |
| تدبير tedbîr* | tedbir | önlem | precaution | From the root önle– "to prevent." |
| ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺴﺎﺕ tedrіsāt)* | tedrisat | öğretim | teaching | |
| تأثر te'essür | teessür | üzüntü | agony | From the root üz– "to aggrieve." |
| تكامل tekâmül | tekamül | evrim, başkalaşım | maturation, metamorphosis, evolution | |
| تقاعد tekaʻüd | tekaüt | emeklilik | retirement | |
| تكفل tekeffül | tekeffül | yükümlenme | standing surety | |
| تكليف teklîf* | teklif | öneri | proposal | From the root öner– "to propose." |
| تكرار tekrar* | tekrar | yine | again | |
| تلاش telâş* | telaş | tasa, kaygı | worry | |
| تَمْي۪يزْ temyiz* | temyiz | yargıtay | Borrowed from Chagatai. | |
| تناسب tenâsüb | tenasüp | uyum | congruity | From the root uy– "to conform." |
| تنبيه tenbîh* | tembih | uyarı | warning | From the root uyar– "to warn." |
| ﺗﺮﻗّﻰ teraḳḳі* | terakki | ilerleme | progress | |
| ترجمه tercüme* | tercüme | çeviri | translation | |
| تردد terreddut* | tereddüt | duraksama | hesitancy | From the root dur– "to halt, stop." |
| ترتيب tertip* | tertip | düzen | order, tidiness | From the root düz– "to align." |
| تأثير tesir* | tesir | etki | effect | From the root et– "to do." |
| تسلى teselli* | teselli | avunma | console | From the root avun– "to console oneself." |
| تشخيص teşhis* | teşhis | tanı | diagnosis | From the root tanı– "to recognize."[2] |
| تَشْك۪يلَاتْ teşkilat* | teşkilat | örgüt | organization | From the noun örgü "plait."[2] |
| تشكيل teshkil | teşkil etmek | oluşturmak | to constitute | |
| تشرين اول teşrîn-i evvel | ekim | October | From the root ek– "to harvest." | |
| تشرين ثانی teşrîn-i sânî | kasım | November | ||
| تشويق teşvik * | teşvik | özendirme, kışkırtma | (providing) incentive, provocation | |
| تدقيق tetkit* | tetkit | araştırma | research | |
| تولد tevellüd* | tevellüd | doğum | birth | From the root doğ– "to be born." |
| تذكار tezkar* | tezkar | anılmaya değer | worth-mentioning | From the root an– "to call to mind."[2] |
| تجارت ticaret* | ticaret | alımsatım | business | |
| عنصر unsur* | unsur | öğe | constituent, element | |
| عنوان unvan* | ünvan | san | (professional) title | |
| اسلوب uslup* | üslup | biçem** | style | |
| وعد vaʻd* | vaat | söz | promise (noun) | |
| واقعه vakʻâ* | vaka | olay | event | From the root ol– "to happen." |
| وقور vakûr | vakur | ağır başlı | dignified | The Turkish expression literally means "heavy headed". |
| وصف vasf* | vasıf | nitelik | feature, quality | |
| واسطه vasıta | vasıta | araç | vehicle | |
| وسيع vâsi | vâsi | engin | vast | |
| وطن vatan* | vatan | yurt | homeland | |
| وظيفه vazîfe* | vazife | görev | task, mission | |
| و ve* | ve | ile | and | From the Old Turkic root il– "to tie loosely" and "to touch."[2] |
| وهم vehm | vehim | kuruntu | apprehension, fancy | |
| ولاية vilâyet* | vilayet | il | province | |
| تفسير tefsîr* | tefsir | yorum | interpretation, analysis, comment | |
| ضبط dzabt* | zabıt | tutanak | minute of proceeding, trial | From the root tut– "to hold."[2] |
| ضمير zamîr* | zamir | adıl** | pronoun | From the noun ad "noun." |
| زاويه zaviye | zaviye | açı | angle | From the root aç– "to open." |
| ﺫﻯ ﻗﻴﻤﺖ ẕі-ḳiymet)* | zikıymet | değerli | valuable | |
Débat pédagogique en Turquie
Le Conseil national turc de l'éducation, composé majoritairement de proches du président Recep Tayyip Erdoğan et de son gouvernement, exprime en le souhait que l'apprentissage de l'alphabet ottoman, abandonné dans le cadre des réformes imposées par Kemal en 1928, devienne obligatoire dans les lycées religieux et optionnel dans les autres[3]. Selon Erdoğan, qui soutient ce projet, l'abandon de l'alphabet ancien est comparable à une coupure de la « veine jugulaire » que représente pour les Turcs la compréhension de leur histoire et de leur civilisation[4]. Il présente cette réforme envisagée comme un « retour aux racines turques »[3] et affirme que l'ottoman ancien « sera enseigné quoi qu’en disent ses détracteurs »[5].
Ses critiques, en revanche, voient dans ce projet une tentative « d'islamisation » des lycées et de remise en question de la sécularisation et de la modernisation de la Turquie[6].
Références
- (de) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en allemand intitulé « Osmanische Sprache » (voir la liste des auteurs).
- (tr) wikisource:tr:Kanun-u Esasi#Tebaai Devleti Osmaniyenin Hukuku Umumiyesi : « Madde 8 - Devleti Osmaniye tabîyetinde bulunan efradın cümlesine her hangi din ve mezhepten olur ise olsun bilâ istisna Osmanlı tabir olunur ve Osmanlı sıfatı kanunen muayyen olan ahvale göre istihsal ve izae edilir. »
- Geoffrey Lewis, Turkish Grammar, Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, , Second éd. (ISBN 0-19-870036-9)
- Solène Cordier, « Quelles sont les dernières atteintes à la laïcité en Turquie ? », Le Monde, (lire en ligne)
- (en) Ishaan Tharoor, « Why Turkey’s president wants to revive the language of the Ottoman Empire », Washington Post, (lire en ligne)
- Marie Jego, « La « nouvelle Turquie » de Recep Tayyip Erdogan », Le Monde, (lire en ligne)
- (en) Ceylan Yeginsu, « Turks Feud Over Change in Education », New York Times, (lire en ligne)
Bibliographie
- Nicolas Vatin, « De l'osmanli au turc de Turquie, les aventures d'une langue », Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée, vol. 50, no 1, (lire en ligne)
Articles connexes
Liens externes
Portail des langues 
Portail de la Turquie .svg.png.webp)
Portail de l’Empire ottoman
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