Gloses de Reichenau

Les Gloses de Reichenau ont été compilées au VIII^e siècle en Picardie[1]^,[2] pour aider les moines lisant la Bible Vulgate à comprendre les mots disparus ou qui avaient développé une nouvelle signification dans leur dialecte roman précoce. Chaque mot était glosé par un synonyme écrit sous forme latine, mais pas toujours d'origine latine. [3]

Dans le tableau ci-dessous, les mots évidemment non natifs tels que le formaggio italien (emprunté au français) ne sont pas comptés parmi les mots dérivés. Les sons qui peuvent ou non être présents dans un mot - selon le dialecte, le contexte phonétique ou d'autres facteurs - sont affichés en indice.

Archaic Term	Meaning	Gloss	Origin of Gloss	Derivatives of Gloss	Derivatives of Archaic Term
abdito	hidden	absconso	CL abscondito 'hidden' (cognate to abdito but with an additional prefix) had the variant absconso.	Pr. [as̺kóːs̺u~as̺kóns̺u]O.Fr [es̺kóns̺]O.Oc [es̺kós̺]Ct. [əs̺kúns̺]It. [askóːzo]O.Sp [es̺kúz̺o]O.Pt [es̺kúz̺o]Rm. [as̄kúns̄]	—
abio[lower-greek 1]	I go away	vado	This could mean 'I go' in CL, but the usual sense was 'wade'.	Pr. [βáːo] O.Fr [vói̯s̺][lower-roman 1] Fr. [vɛ_z]Ct. [bátʃ] Oc. [báu̯] Dl. [vís] It. [vɔ́^x][lower-roman 2] Nea. [váːkə] Ast. [bó] Sp. [bói̯][lower-roman 3] Pt. [vóu̯]
abgetarii[lower-greek 2]	woodworkers	carpentarii	CL for 'wagon makers'. From Gaulish *karpantos 'chariot' with occupational suffix -arii.	Pr. [karpentáːr^ji]^nomO.Fr [tʃarpentjǽr]
abgetarii[lower-greek 2]	woodworkers	carpentarii		Pr. [karpentáːr^jos̺]^accO.Fr [tʃarpentjǽrs̺] Fr. [ʃaχpɑ̃tje_z]Oc. [kaɾpentjɛ́s̺]Sp. [kaɾpintéɾos̺]Pt. [kɐɾpĩntéi̯ɾuʃ]
absintio	wormwood	aloxino	Greek ἀλόη όξίνης[7] 'bitter aloe'.	Pr. [alɔ́ks̺ɪna] O.Fr [alúi̯z̺nə] Fr. [alɥin_ə] O.Sp [alóz̺na] Pt. alosna	Pr. [aps̺ɪ́nts^jo] Oc. [au̯s̺én] Dl. ascianz O.It [asséntso] Sp. [axéŋxo]
adolescentia	youth	iuventus	CL synonym.	Pr. [ɟʊβɛ́ntu] O.Fr [dʒovɛ́nt] Oc. [dʒuβén] Ct. [ʒuβén_t]	—
adolescentia	youth	iuventus	CL synonym.	Pr. [ɟʊβentúːte]Oc. [dʒuβentýt]Ct. [ʒuβəntút]O.It [dʒoventúːde]It. [dʒoventú]Sp. [xuβentúð]Pt. [ʒuvẽntúðɨ]
aculeus	stinger	aculeonis	Romance derivative of the older term.	Pr. [akuʎʎóːne]Fr. [ɛɡɥijɔ̃]Oc. [aɣyʎú]Sp. [aɣixón]Gal. [aɣiʎóŋ]
aes	bronze	eramen	LL derivative composed of aes (oblique stem aer-) and material suffix -men.	Pr. [aráːmen] Fr. [ɛʁɛ̃] Oc. [aɾán] Ct. [əɾám] Rs. arom It. [ráːme] Sd. [ráːmɛnɛ] Gal. arame Pt. [ɐɾɐ́mɨ] Rm. [arámə]
aes	bronze	eramen		Pr. [aráːmɪne][8] Sp. [alámbɾe]
ager	field	campus	CL synonym.	Pr. [kámpʊs̺]^nom O.Fr [tʃáns̺]	Pr. [áːɣru] O.Fr [ái̯rə] Fr. [ɛʁ_ə] O.Oc agre 'eyrie' It. [áːgro] Gal. agra Rm. [áɡru] 'field, land'
ager	field	campus	CL synonym.	Pr. [kámpu]^acc O.Fr [tʃámp] Fr. [ʃɑ̃] Oc. [kán] Ct. [kám] Rs. champ It. [kámpo] Nea. [kámbə] Sp. [kámpo] Sd. [kámpu] Dl. [kúmp] Pt. [kɐ̃́mpu] Rm. [kɨ́mp]
annuant	that they nod	cinnant	Verb based on LL cinnus 'wink', itself of unclear origin.	Pr. [kɪ́nnant] O.Fr [tsénənt] O.Oc [tsénan] It. [attʃénnano]^+pref Pt. [ɐsénɐ̃ũ̯]^+pref	—
anxiaretur	that he be distressed	angustiaretur	LL verb based on CL angustia 'tribulations, difficulties'.	Pr. [aŋgʊ́s̺ts^jat] O.Fr [aŋgói̯.s̺əθ] Fr. [ɑ̃ɡwas_ə] Oc. [aŋgúi̯.s̺ɔ] Ct. [əŋɡóʃə] It. [aŋgóʃʃa]	O.It ansia Sp. [ans̺ía] Pt. [ɐ̃síɐ] 'eagerly await'
aper	boar	salvaticus porcus	Porcus is CL for 'pig'. Salvaticus reflects Pr. evolution of CL silvaticus 'wild'.	Pr. [pɔ́rkʊs̺ s̺alβáːtɪkʊs̺]^nom O.Fr [pɔ́rs̺ s̺alvádʒəs̺]	Pr. [ápru] Sd. [pɔɾkáːβɾu][lower-roman 4]
aper	boar	salvaticus porcus		Pr. [pɔ́rku s̺alβáːtɪku]^acc O.Fr [pɔ́rk s̺alvádʒə] Fr. [pɔχ sovaʒ_ə] Oc. [pɔ́ɾk s̺alβádʒe] Ct. [pɔ́ɾk s̺əlβádʒə] Rs. portg selvadi Dl. [pwárk salvútik] It. [pɔ́rko salváːtiko] Rm. [pórk s̄əlbátik]	Pr. [ápru] Sd. [pɔɾkáːβɾu][lower-roman 4]
arbusta	orchards	arbricellus	Diminutive of arbor 'tree'.	Pr. [arβorɪs̺kɛ́ɭɭu] O.Fr [arbris̺ɛ́l] Fr. [aʁbʁiso] Oc. [aɾbɾis̺ɛ́l] 'shrubbery' It. [arboʃʃɛ́llo] 'sapling'	Gal. albustre
area	threshing floor	danea	Frankish *dannja.	Wal. dègne[9]	Pr. [áːr^ja] O.Fr [ái̯rə] Fr. [ɛʁ_ə] Oc. [jɛ́ɾɔ] Ct. [éɾə] It. [áːja] Sp. [éɾa] Pt. [ɐ́i̯ɾɐ] Rm. arie
arena	sand	sabulo	CL for 'gravel'.	Pr. [s̺aβlóːne] Fr. [sablɔ̃] Oc. [s̺aβlú] Ct. [s̺au̯ɫó] Rs. [səblún] It. [sabbjóːne] Dl. [salbáu̯ŋ] Sp. [s̺aβlón] Ist.Rm [salbún]	Pr. [aréːna] O.Fr [aréi̯nə] Oc. [aɾénɔ] Ct. [əɾɛ́nə] It. [réːna] Nea. [réːnə] Sp. [aɾéna] Gal. area Pt. [ɐɾɐ́i̯ɐ] Arm. [arínə]
armilla	bracelet	baucus	Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *baugaz, which had the same sense.	O.Fr [bɔ́u̯]	Pr. [armɪ́ɭɭa] Sp. [aɾméʎa]
atram	black	nigram	More usual CL synonym.	Pr. [nɪ́ɣra] O.Fr [néi̯rə] Fr. [nwaʁ_ə] Oc. [néɣɾɔ] Ct. [nɛ́ɣɾə] Rs. [nái̯rə] Dl. [njára] It. [néːɾa] Nea. [nɛ́u̯rə] Sp. [néɣɾa] Pt. [néɣɾɐ] Rm. [ne̯áɡrə]	—
axis	axle	ascialis	Axis with adjective-forming suffix -alis.	Pr. [aks̺áːle] O.Fr [ai̯.s̺ǽl]	Pr. [áks̺e] Fr. [ɛ] 'plank' Oc. [ái̯s̺] Ct. [éʃ] It. [ásse] Sp. [éxe] Ast. [éi̯s̺] Pt. [éi̯.ʃu] 'beam, axle'
axis	axle	ascialis	Axis with adjective-forming suffix -alis.	Pr. [aks̺íːle] O.Fr [ai̯.s̺íl] Fr. [esjø]
benignitate	kindness	bonitate	CL contextual synonym.	Pr. [bonɪtáːte] O.Fr [bontǽθ] Fr. [bɔ̃te] Oc. [buntát] Ct. [bundát] O.It [bontáːde] It. [bontá^x] Sp. [bondáð] Pt. [bõndáðɨ] Rm. [bunətáte]	—
binas	in pairs	duas et duas	Periphrase, 'two and two'.	Fr. deux à deux It. due a due Sp. de dos en dos Pt. de dois em dois	—
calamus	pen for writing	penna	CL for 'feather'.	Pr. [pɪ́nna] O.Fr [pénə] It. [pénna] Sic. [pínna] Pt. [pénɐ] Rm. [pe̯ánə]	Pr. [káːlamu] O.Fr [tʃálmə] Fr. [ʃom_ə] 'stubble, thatch'
callidior	more devious	vitiosior	Comparative form of CL vitiosus 'wicked, corrupt'. The core noun vitium 'sin' is common in Christian writings.	Pr. [βɪts^jóːs̺u] O.Fr [vei̯dzóu̯s̺] Oc. [bisjús̺] 'depraved' It. [vettsóːso] 'charming'	—
calumpniam	slander	contentio	CL for 'quarrel, dispute'.	Pr. [tents^jóːne] Oc. [tens̺ú]	Pr. [kalʊ́mɲa] O.Fr [tʃalóɲdʒə] O.Oc [kalóɲdʒa] Sp. [kalóɲa] Pt. [kwĩ́mɐ]
calx	heel	calcaneum	Rare CL synonym composed of calx and -aneum.	Pr. [kalkáɲɲu] O.Fr [kalkái̯n][10] Oc. dial. [kau̯káɲ] O.Ct [kəɫkáɲ] Rs. chalchagn It. [kalkáɲɲo] Sd. carcàngiu O.Sp [kalkáɲo] Arom. cãlcãnju Rm. [kəlkɨ́i̯]	—
canere	to sing	cantare	CL frequentative form of canere.	Pr. [kantáːre] O.Fr [tʃantǽr] Fr. [ʃɑ̃te] Oc. [kantá] Ct. [kəntá] Rs. chantar Dl. [kantúr] It. [kantáːɾe] Nea. [kandá] Sd. [kantáːɾe] Sp. [kantáɾ] Pt. [kɐ̃ntáɾ] Rm. [kɨntáre]
cartallo	basket	panario	CL for 'breadbasket', composed of pane 'bread' and locational suffix -ario.	Pr. [panáːr^ju] O.Fr [panjǽr] Fr. [panje] Oc. [panjɛ́ɾ] O.It [panáːjo] Nea. [panáːrə] Sp. [panéɾo] Pt. [pɐnɐ́i̯ɾu]
caseum	cheese	formaticum	LL formaticus caseus, lit. 'cheese made in a mould'.	Pr. [formáːtɪku] O.Fr [formádʒə] Fr. [fχɔmaʒ_ə] Oc. [fuɾmádʒe] Ct. [fuɾmádʒə]	Pr. [káːs^ju] Dl. [kís] It. dial. [káːʃo] Nea. [káːsə] Sd. [káːzu] Sp. [kés̺o] Pt. [kɐ́i̯ʒu] Rm. [káʃ]
caseum	cheese	formaticum	LL formaticus caseus, lit. 'cheese made in a mould'.		Pr. [kas^jɔ́ːlu]^dim Rs. chaschöl
crastro[lower-greek 3]	army camp	heribergo	Frankish *heriberga.	O.Fr herberge Oc. [alβɛ́rɣɔ]	Pr. [kás̺tru] Ar. qaṣr[lower-roman 5]
cementarii	masons	mationes	Frankish *makjo. Note confusion of Modèle:Angbr and Modèle:Angbr, which both represent [ts].[11]	O.Fr [matsóns̺] Fr. [masɔ̃_z] Oc. [mas̺ús̺]	O.Fr *cimentiers Fr. [simɑ̃tje_z]
cementariis	masons	macionibus		O.Fr [matsóns̺] Fr. [masɔ̃_z] Oc. [mas̺ús̺]	O.Fr *cimentiers Fr. [simɑ̃tje_z]
cenacula	chambers	mansiunculas	Diminutive of CL mansiones 'lodges'.	Pr. [mas^jóːnes̺] O.Fr [mai̯.z̺óns̺] Fr. [mɛzɔ̃_z] Oc. [mai̯.z̺ús] It. [madʒóːni] Sp. [mes̺ónes̺] O.Pt [mei̯.ʒṍes̺] 'houses' Sd. [mazɔ́ːnɛzɛ] 'herds'	—
cesis	beaten	flagellatis	CL for 'beaten with a whip'.	Pr. [flaɟeɭɭáːtos̺] O.Fr [flaəlǽts]
cibaria	food	cibus vivendi	Reminiscent of Pr. vivanda 'food', altered from CL vivenda 'that which is necessary for life'.	Pr. [βiβánda] O.Fr [vjándə] 'food' Fr. [vjɑ̃d_ə] 'meat' Oc. [vjándɔ] It. [vivánda] 'food'
cibaria	food	cibus vivendi		Pr. [βiβέnda] Sp. [biβjénda] Pt. [vivẽ́ndɐ] 'residence~housing'
clibanus	oven	furnus	CL synonym.	Pr. [fʊ́rnu]^acc O.Fr [fór_n] Fr. [fuʁ] Oc. [fúɾ_n] Ct. [fóɾn] Rs. fourn It. [fórno] Nea. [fwórnə] Sd. [fúrru] Sp. [óɾno] Pt. [fóɾnu] Arom. [fúrnu]
clivium	hill	montania	CL mont- 'mountain' with locational suffix -anea.	Pr. [montáɲɲa] O.Fr [montáɲə] Fr. [mɔ̃taɲ_ə] Oc. [muntáɲɔ] Ct. [muntáɲə] Rs. [muntóɲə] It. [montáɲɲa] Nea. [mundáɲɲə] Sp. [montáɲa] Pt. [mõntɐ́ɲɐ]
coccinus	scarlet red	rubeus	CL for 'red'.	Pr. [rʊ́β^jʊs̺]^nom O.Fr [ródʒəs̺]
coccinus	scarlet red	rubeus	CL for 'red'.	Pr. [rʊ́β^ju]^acc O.Fr [ródʒə] Fr. [ʁuʒ_ə] Oc. [rúdʒe] Ct. [rɔ́tʃ] Sd. [arrúβju] Sp. [rúβjo] Pt. [ʁúi̯vu] Rm. [rói̯b]
colliridam	type of pastry	turtam	CL tortam 'twisted' in reference to the pastry's shape.	Pr. [tʊ́rta] O.Fr [tórtə] Fr. [tuχt_ə] Oc. [túɾtɔ] Rs. turta Sd. [túɾta] It. [tórta] Dl. [túrta] Sp. [tóɾta] Rm. [túrtə]
commutatione	exchange	concambiis	Gaulish *kambjon.	Pr. [kámb^ju] Fr. [ʃɑ̃ʒ_ə] Oc. [kámbi] It. [kámbjo] Sp. [kámbjo] Pt. [kɐ̃́mbju] Rm. [s̄kímb][lower-roman 6]
compellit	he urges	anetset	Frankish *anhattian[13].	O.Fr [anétsəθ] O.It [aníttsa] O.Pt [anátsa]
concidit	he cut	taliavit	Verb based on CL talea 'cutting from a plant'.	Pr. [taʎʎát~taʎʎáu̯t] O.Fr [taʎáθ] Fr. [tɑja] Oc. dial. [taʎá] Ct. [təʎá] It. [taʎʎɔ́^x] Sp. [taxó] Pt. [tɐʎóu̯] Rm. [təjé]
contumeliam	belittlement	verecundiam	CL for 'shame'.	Pr. [βerɣʊ́ɲɲa] Fr. [vɛʁɡɔɲ_ə] Oc. [beɾɣúɲɔ] Ct. [bəɾɣóɲə] It. [verɡóɲɲa] Nea. [vrəɣɔ́ɲɲə] O.Sp [βeɾɣwéɲa] Ast. [beɾɣóɲa] Pt. [vɨɾɣóɲɐ]
contumeliam	belittlement	verecundiam	CL for 'shame'.	Pr. [βerɣʊ́nts^ja] Sd. [bɾeɣúnθa] Sp. [beɾɣwénθa] O.Pt [βeɾɣóntsa]
coturnices	quails	quacoles	Possibly from Frankish[14] if not a native word inherited from Proto-Italic[15]. Either way, likely onomatopoeic in origin.	Pr. [kwákkolas̺] O.Fr [káʎəs̺] Fr. [kɑj_ə.z] Oc. [káʎɔs̺] Ct. [ɡwáʎʎəs̺] Rs. quacras It. [kwáʎʎe]	Pr. [kotʊrníːkes̺] O.It [kotorníːtʃi] Sp. [koðoɾníθes̺] Pt. [kuðuɾnízɨʃ]
coturnices	quails	quacoles			Pr. [kotʊrníːklas̺]^dim Rm. [potɨrník^j][lower-roman 7] 'partridges'
scabrones[lower-greek 4]	hornets	wapces	Frankish *wapsa.	O.Fr [gwɛ́s̺pəs̺][lower-roman 8] Fr. [ɡɛp_ə.z]	Pr. [karaβróːnes̺] It. [kalavróːni] Pt. [kɐ̃mbɾɐ̃́ũ̯ʃ]
crebro[lower-greek 5]	sieve	crivolo	The product of liquid dissimilation, one of several ways that Pr. eliminated the sequence of two r's. The additional Modèle:Angbr is dubious.	Pr. [kríːβlu] Fr. [kχibl_ə]	—
				Pr. [kríːβu] Sp. [kɾíβa]^fem Pt. [kɾívu]
				Pr. [kíːβru] Rm. [ʧjúr]
				Pr. [kriβέɭɭu]^dim Oc. [kɾiβέl] It. [krivέllo]
crura	shins	tibia	CL contextual synonym.	Pr. [tíːβ^ja] O.Fr [tídʒə] Fr. [tíʒ_ə] Oc. [tídʒɔ] Ca. [tíʒə] 'stem'
culmen	peak	spicus	CL had the masculine variant spicus alongside the more usual spica 'spike, ear of grain'.	Pr. [_ɪs̺píːku]^acc O.Fr [es̺pí] Fr. [epi] Oc. [es̺pík] Fri. [spí] Rm. [s̄pík]	Pr. [kʊ́lmen] It. [kólmo] Gal. [kúme] Pt. [kúmɨ] Rm. [kúlme]
culmen	peak	spicus		Pr. [_ɪs̺píːka] Oc. [es̺píɣɔ] Ct. [əs̺píɣə] Dl. [spái̯ka] Sd. [ispíːɣa] It. [spíːga] Sp. [es̺píɣa] Pt. [iʃpíɣɐ]	Pr. [kʊ́lmɪne] Sp. [kúmbɾe]
cuncti	all	omnes	CL synonym.	Pr. [ɔ́mnes̺] O.It [ɔ́nni]	—
da	give	dona	CL synonym.	Pr. [dóːna] O.Fr [dónə] Fr. [dɔn_ə] Oc. [dúnɔ] Ct. [dónə]	Pr. [dá] Oc. dial [dá] Rs. dai It. [dá] Dl. [dú] Sp. [dá] Pt. [dá] Rm. [də]
denudare	lay bare	discooperire	CL cooperire 'cover' with dis as a negating prefix.	Pr. [dɪs̺koperíːre] O.Fr [des̺kovrír] Fr. [dekuvʁíʁ] Oc. [des̺kuβɾí] Ct. [dəs̺kuβɾí] Dl. [diskoprér] It. [diskopríːɾe] Sp. [des̺kuβɾíɾ] Pt. [dɨʃkuβɾíɾ] Rm. [des̄koperíre]	Pr. [dɪs̺nuðáːre] O.Fr [dez̺nuðǽr] Fr. [denɥe] 'deprive' Sp. [dez̺nuðáɾ] Pt. desnudar 'undress'
detestare	revile	blasphemare	CL synonym borrowed from Greek βλασφημέειν.	Pr. [blas̺temáːre] O.Fr [blaz̺mǽr] Fr. [blɑme] Oc. [blai̯má] Ct. [bɫəz̺má] Rs. blastemmar It. [bestemmjáːɾe] Dl. [blasmúr] Sp. [las̺timáɾ] Pt. [lɐʃtimáɾ] Rm. [bles̄temáre]	—
dilecta	beloved	amata	More usual CL synonym.	Pr. [amáːta] O.Fr [amǽðə] Fr. [ɛme_ə][upper-roman 1] Oc. [ai̯máðɔ] Ct. [əmáðə] It. [amáːta] Sp. [amáða] Pt. [ɐmáðɐ]	—
ducta	led	menata	CL minata 'prodded, threatened' in reference to farm animals.	Pr. [mɪnáːta] O.Fr [mənǽðə] Fr. [məne_ə] Oc. [menáðɔ] Ct. [mənáðə] It. [menáːta] Rm. [mɨnátə]	Pr. [dʊ́kta] O.Fr [dúi̯tə] Fr. [kɔ̃dɥit_ə]^+pref Oc. [kundýtʃɔ]^+pref Ct. [dúi̯tə] It. [kondótta]^+prefO.Sp [dútʃa] Rm. [dús̄ə]
emit	he bought	comparavit	CL for 'obtained'.	Pr. [komparát~komparáu̯t] O.Fr [kompəráθ] Oc. dial. [kɾumpá] Ct [kumpɾá] It. [komprɔ́^x] Sp. [kompɾó] Pt. [kõmpɾóu̯] Rm. [kumpərə́] 'bought'	—
ensis	sword	gladius	More usual CL synonym.	Pr. [ɡláɟʊs̺] O.Fr [ɡlái̯s̺] 'sword lily'	—
escas	food	cibos	More usual CL synonym.	Pr. [kɪ́βos̺] Sp. [θéβos̺] Pt. [sévuʃ] 'bait'	Pr. [ɛ́s̺kas̺~és̺kas̺] Fr. [ɛʃ_ə.z] Oc. [és̺kɔs̺] Pt. [íʃkɐʃ] 'bait' Ct. [ɛ́s̺kəs̺] It. [éske] 'bait, tinder' Sp. [jés̺kas̺] Rm. [jéʃtʲ] 'tinder'
exacerbaverunt	they irritated	exasperaverunt	CL synonym. An unprefixed version with a change in conjugation survived in Romance.	Pr. [as̺períːrʊnt] O.Fr [as̺prírənt] O.It [aspríːrono]	—
exaurire	to drain	scavare	CL excavare 'dig out, empty', composed of ex 'out' and cav- 'hollow'.	Pr. [es̺kaβáːre] O.Fr [es̺tʃavǽr] Oc. [es̺kaβá] Rs. stgavar It. [skaváːɾe] Sp. [es̺kaβáɾ] Pt. [iʃkɐváɾ]
exterminabit	he shall extirpate	eradicabit	CL synonym.	Pr. [eraðikáːre] O.Fr [aratʃjǽr] Fr. [aʁaʃe] O.Oc araigar Rm. [ridikáre]
exuerunt	they stripped	expoliaverunt	CL synonym.	Pr. [_ɪs̺poʎʎáːrʊnt] O.Fr [es̺poʎǽrənt] It. [spoʎʎáːɾono] O.Sp [es̺poʒáɾon][upper-roman 2] Gal. [ez̺βuʎáɾõŋ]
faretra	quiver	teca sagittarum	Periphrase, 'container for arrows'. The first word is a CL borrowing from Greek θήκη; the latter is native.	Pr. [téːka] O.Fr [téi̯ə] Fr. [tɛ_ə] 'pillowcase' It. [téːga] 'pod' Rm. [te̯ákə] 'case, sheath'
		teca sagittarum		Pr. [s̺aɟɪ́ttas̺] O.Fr [s̺aétəs̺] Oc. [s̺adʒétɔs̺] Ct. [s̺əʒɛ́təs̺] O.It [saétte] Sd. [saíttaza] Sp. [s̺aétas̺] Pt. [sɛ́tɐʃ] Rm. [s̄ədʒétsʲ]
		cupra	Frankish loan, cf. German Köcher.	O.Fr [kúi̯vrə]
fatigatus	tired	lassus	CL synonym.	Pr. [lás̺s̺ʊs̺] O.Fr [lás̺] Fr. [lɑ] Oc. [lás̺]
femur	thigh	coxa	CL for 'hip'.	Pr. [kɔ́ks̺a] O.Fr [kúi̯.s̺ə] Fr. [kɥís_ə] Oc. [kɥɛ́i̯.s̺ɔ] Ct. [kúʃə] Rs. cossa It. [kɔ́ʃʃa] Sd. [kɔ́ssa] Sp. [kúxa] Pt. [kóʃɐ] Dl. [kópsa] Rm. [ko̯áps̄ə] 'thigh'
		cingolo[lower-greek 6]	CL for 'belt'.	Pr. [kɪ́ŋɡla] O.Fr [tséŋɡlə] Fr. [sɑ̃ɡl_ə] Oc. [s̺éŋglɔ] Ct. [s̺íŋɡɫə] It. [tʃíŋɡja] Pt. [síʎɐ]
		cingolo[lower-greek 6]	CL for 'belt'.	Pr. [klɪ́ŋɡa] Nea. chienga Rm. [kíŋɡə]
ferus	savage	durus	CL for 'harsh, severe'.	Pr. [dúːrʊs̺]^nom O.Fr [dúrs̺] Rs. [dírs][lower-roman 9]	Pr. [fɛ́ːrʊs̺]^nom O.Fr [fjɛ́rs̺] 'proud'
ferus	savage	durus	CL for 'harsh, severe'.	Pr. [dúːru]^acc O.Fr [dúr] Fr. [dyʁ] Oc. [dý_ɾ] Ct. [dú] Rs. [dír] Lom. [dýːr] It. [dúːro] Dl. [dói̯r] Sp. [dúɾo] Pt. [dúɾu]	Pr. [fɛ́ːru]^acc O.Fr [fjɛ́r] Fr. [fjɛʁ] It. [fjɛ́ːro] 'proud' Ct. [féɾ] Sp. [fjéɾo] 'wild'
fervet	it boils	bullit	CL synonym.	Pr. [bʊ́ɭɭɪt] O.Fr [bólt] Fr. [bu_t] Oc. [búʎe] Ct. [búʎ] It. [bólle] Nea. [vɔ́ddə] Sd. [búɖɖɛ] Sp. [búʎe] 'boils' Pt. [búlɨ] 'fidgets'	Pr. [fɛ́rβet] It. [fɛ́rve] 'has a fever' Sp. [ɟʝéɾβe] Pt. [fɛ́ɾvɨ] Rm. [fjérbe]
fex	dregs	lias	Gaulish *ligas.	O.Fr [líəs̺] Fr. [li_ə.z]	—
flare	to blow	suflare	CL flare prefixed with sub.	Pr. [s̺ʊffláːre] O.Fr [s̺oflǽr] Fr. [sufle] Oc. [s̺uflá] Rs. suflar It. [soffjáːɾe] O.Sp [s̺oʎáɾ][21] Ast. [as̺weʎáɾ]^+pref Pt. [supɾáɾ] Rm. [s̄ufláre]	—
flasconem	flask	buticulam	diminutive of LL buttis 'cask, barrel' from Greek βοῦττις.	Pr. [bʊttɪ́kla] O.Fr [botéʎə] Fr. [butɛj_ə] Oc. [butéʎɔ]	O.Fr [flas̺kón] Fr. [flakɔ̃] Oc. [flas̺kú] Ct. [fɫəs̺kó] It. [fjásko] Sp. [fɾás̺ko] Pt. [fɾáʃku]
fletur	there is weeping	planctur	An attempt to spell CL plangitur, 'there is mourning'.	Pr. [pláŋgere] O.Fr [plái̯ndrə] Fr. [plɛ̃dʁ_ə] Oc. [pláɲe] Ct. [pɫáɲə] Dl. [plúŋɡrə] It. [pjáɲdʒeɾe] O.Sp [ʎaɲeɾ] O.Pt [tʃaɲdʒeɾ] Rm. [plɨ́ɲdʒere]	—
forum	marketplace	mercatum	CL contextual synonym	Pr. [merkáːtu] O.Fr [martʃjǽθ] Fr. [maχʃe] Oc. [meɾkát] Ct. [məɾkát] Rs. marchà Sd. [markáːðu] It. [merkáːto] Sp. [meɾkáðo] Pt. [mɨɾkáðu]	Pr. [fɔ́ːru] O.Fr [fwɛ́r] Fr. [fyʁ] 'extent' Sp. [fwéɾo] 'law' Rom. [fór] 'plaza'
framea	type of sword	gladius bisacutus	Bisacutus is LL for 'double-edged', from CL bis 'twice' + acutus 'sharpened'.	Pr. [bɪs̺akúːta] Fr. [bəzɛɡy_ə] 'carpenter's tool with two sides' It. [bizakúːta] 'double-edged'	—
furent[lower-greek 7]	that they steal	involent	CL involent 'they carry off'.	Pr. [ɪ́mβolent] O.Fr [émblənt] O.Oc [émblen] O.Ct emblen	Pr. [fúːrant] It. [fúːɾano] Rm. [fúrə]
furent[lower-greek 7]	that they steal	involent	CL involent 'they carry off'.	Pr. [ɪmβóːlent] It. [invóːlano]	Pr. [fúːrant] It. [fúːɾano] Rm. [fúrə]
furvus	brown	brunus	Frankish *brūn.	O.Fr [brún]^acc Fr. [bʁœ̃] Oc. [bɾý] Ct. [bɾú] Rs. dial. [brýn] It. [brúːno] Dl. [brói̯n] Sp. [bɾúno] Pt. [bɾúnu]	—
fusiles	melted	fundutas	Romance past participle[22] of CL fundere 'melt'.	Pr. [fʊndúːtas̺] O.Fr [fondúðəs̺] Fr. [fɔ̃dy_ə] Oc. [fundýðɔs̺] O.It [fondúːte] 'melted'
fusiles	melted	fundutas	Romance past participle[22] of CL fundere 'melt'.	Pr. [fʊndíːtas̺] Sp. [undíðas̺] 'collapsed' Ast. [fundí.es] Pt. [fũndíðɐʃ] 'smelted'
galea	helmet	helmus	Frankish *helm.	O.Fr [hɛ́lmə]^acc Fr. [om_ə] It. [élmo] Sp. [ɟʝélmo] Pt. [ɛ́lmu]
genuit	she bore	generavit	CL synonym with more regular conjugations.	Pr. [ɡenerát~ɡeneráu̯t] O.Fr [dʒendráθ] Fr. [ɑ̃ʒɑ̃dʁa]^+pref Oc. dial. [eŋʒendɾá]^+pref Ct. [əŋʒəndɾá]^+pref Sp. [eŋxendɾó]^+pref Pt. [ʒɨɾóu̯]
gratia	thanks	merces	CL for 'goods, wages'.	Pr. [merkéːðe] O.Fr [mertsíθ] Fr. [mɛχsi] Oc. [meɾs̺é] O.It [mertʃéːde~mertʃé] 'thanks, mercy' It. [mertʃéːde] Sp. [meɾθéð] Pt. [mɨɾsé] 'mercy'
abenas[lower-greek 8]	reins	retinacula iumentorum	Periphrase, 'reins for pack animals'. Retinacula is akin to Pr. retinas, both derived from retinere 'hold back'.	Pr. [rɛ́ːtɪnas̺] O.Fr. [rɛ́ðnəs̺][23] Fr. [ʁɛn_ə.z] Oc. [rénnɔs̺] Ct. [rɛ́ŋnəs̺] It. [rɛ́ːdine] Sp. [rjéndas̺] Pt. [ʁɛ́ðjɐʃ]
abenas[lower-greek 8]	reins	retinacula iumentorum		Pr. [ɟumɛ́ntu] O.Fr [dʒumɛ́nt] Fr. [ʒymɑ̃] 'mare' O.It [dʒumɛ́nto] Nea. [ʃummɛ́ndə]^fem O.Sp [ʒumjénto] Sp. [xuménto] Pt. [ʒumẽ́ntu] 'pack animal'
arundine[lower-greek 9]	reed	ros	Frankish *rausa.	O.Fr [rós̺] Oc. [rau̯s̺]
arundine[lower-greek 9]	reed	ros	Frankish *rausa.	O.Fr. [roz̺ɛ́l]^dim Fr. [ʁozo]
ebitatum[lower-greek 10]	weakened	bulcatum	Pr. verb based on CL bullire 'bubble, boil'.	Pr. [bʊɭɭɪkáːtu] O.Fr [boldʒjǽθ] Fr. [buʒe] Oc. [buleɣát] Ct. [bəʎuɣát] 'moved, agitated' It. [bulikáːto] 'boiled'
iacinctinas[lower-greek 11]	hyacinth-colored	persas	Ultimately from Persia, perhaps because garments imported from there had this color.	Fr. [pɛχs_ə] 'blue-green'	Pr. [ɟakíntu] Fr. [ʒasɛ̃t_ə]^femOc. [dʒas̺ín]Ct. [ʒəs̺ín_t]
hiems	winter	ibernus	Hibernus was a CL synonym	Pr. [iβɛ́rnʊs̺]^nom O.Fr [ivɛ́rs̺] O.Oc iverns	—
hiems	winter	ibernus	Hibernus was a CL synonym	Pr. [iβɛ́rnu~imβɛ́rnu]^acc O.Fr [ivɛ́r_n] Fr. [ivɛʁ] Oc. [iβɛ́ɾ_n] Ct. [iβɛ́ɾn] Rs. inviern Dl. [invjarnə] It. [iɱvɛ́rno] Sd. [iβérru] Sp. [imbjéɾno] Ast. [iβjéɾnu] Pt. [ĩmbɛ́ɾnu] Rm. [járnə]^fem	—
horreis	granaries	spicariis	CL spica 'ear of grain' with locational suffix -arium.	Pr. [_ɪs̺pikáːr^ju] O.Wal spir[24] 'provisions' Gm. [ʃpáɪçɐ] 'granary'	Pr. [ɔ́rr^ju] Ct. [ɔ́ri] It. dial orrio Sd. orriu Ast. [óru]
iacere	to throw	iactare	CL freq. of iacere.	Pr. [ɟektáːre] O.Fr [dʒətǽr] Fr. [ʒəte] Oc. [dʒetá] Ct. [ʒitá] It. [dʒettáːɾe] Nea. [ʃəttá] Sd. [gɛtáːɾe] Sp. [etʃáɾ]	—
ictus	strike	colpus	CL borrowing of Greek κόλαφος.	Pr. [kɔ́lpʊs̺]^nom O.Fr [kɔ́ls̺]	Pr. [ɪ́ktu]^acc Pt. [ɐ́i̯tu] 'row'
ictus	strike	colpus	CL borrowing of Greek κόλαφος.	Pr. [kɔ́lpu]^acc O.Fr [kɔ́lp] Fr. [kú] Oc. [kɔ́p] Ct. [kɔ́lp] It. [kólpo]	Pr. [ɪ́ktu]^acc Pt. [ɐ́i̯tu] 'row'
id	this	hoc	Contextual CL synonym	Pr. [ɔ́k] O.Fr [wɛ́k] Ct. [ú] 'this' Oc. [ɔ́] O.Ct oc 'yes'	—
iecore	liver	ficato	CL ficatum 'fig-fattened liver', calqued from Greek συκωτόν[25].	Pr. [fɪ́katu] Fr. [fwa_ə] It. [féːɡato] Ast. [féɣaðu]	Pr. [ɟekwáːr^ja] 'giblets' Pt. [igwɐɾíɐ][lower-roman 10] 'delicacies'
				Pr. [fikáːtu] Fri. [fiáːt] Fri. [fiáːt] Rm. [fikát]
				Pr. [fíːkatu] Rs. fio Sd. [fíːɣaðu] Sp. [íɣaðo] Pt. [fíɣɐðu]
				Pr. [fɪ́taku][27] Oc. [fédʒe] Ct. [fédʒə]
in caminum	into the furnace	in clibanum	This word didn't survive anywhere in Romance, however it has already been defined earlier in this glossary as furnus.	—	Pr. [kamíːnu] Rs. chamin Dl. [kamái̯n] It. [kamíːno]
in caminum	into the furnace	in clibanum		—	Pr. [kamɪnáːta] O.Fr [tʃəminǽðə][lower-roman 11] Fr. [ʃəmine_ə] Oc. dial. [tsaminádɔ] 'fireplace, chimney'
indutus	dressed	vestitus	CL synonym.	Pr. [βes̺tíːtu]^acc O.Fr [ves̺tíθ] Oc. [bes̺tít] Ct. [bəs̺tít] Dl. [vestját] Lom. [vestíː] It. [vestíːto] Sd. [bestíːðu] Sp. [bes̺tíðo] Pt. [vɨʃtíðu]	—
indutus	dressed	vestitus	CL synonym.	Pr. [βes̺tútu]^acc O.Fr [ves̺túθ] Fr. [vɛty] O.It [vestúːto]
institis	bandages	fasciolis	CL synonym.	Pr. [fas̺cɔ́ːlas] O.It [faʃʃwɔ́ːle] Rm. [fɨʃio̯áre]
institis	bandages	nasculis	Frankish *nastila.	O.Fr [náz̺ləs̺] Wal. nâles It. [nástri]^masc
insultaret	that he offend	inganaret	Romance verb based on CL gannire 'to snarl'.	Pr. [ɪŋgannáːre] O.Fr [eɲdʒanǽr] Oc. [eŋɡaná] Ct. [əŋgəɲá] It. [iŋgannáːɾe] Sp. [eŋɡaɲáɾ] Rm. [ɨŋgɨnáre]
isset	he would have gone	ambulasset	Could mean 'go' in CL, but isset was the more usual word.	Pr. [amblás̺s̺et] O.Fr [alás̺t] Fr. [alɑ_t] It. [ambjásse] Sp. [amblás̺e] Rm. [umblás̄e]	Pr. [ís̺s̺et~ɟís̺s̺et] Lad. jissa Rm. [ís̄e]
isset	he would have gone	ambulasset	Could mean 'go' in CL, but isset was the more usual word.		Pr. [íːre~ɟíːre]^inf Fr. [iʁ][lower-roman 12] O.Oc [íɾ] O.Ct [íɾ] Rs. [ír] O.It [dʒíːre] Dl. [dzer] Sp. [íɾ] Pt. [íɾ] Rm [íː]
ita	yes	sic	CL synonym.	Pr. [sík] Fr. [si] Oc. [s̺í] 'actually, yes' Ct. [s̺í] Rs. [ʃí] It. [sí] Sp. [s̺í] Pt. [sĩ́][lower-roman 13] 'yes' Rm. [ʃí] 'and'	—
iuger	acre	jornalis	CL diurnalis 'that which pertains to a day'. In France this term developed the sense of 'land that can be worked by oxen in a day'.	Pr. [ɟʊrnáːle] O.Fr [dʒornál] 'journal, measure of land' Fr. [ʒuʁnal][lower-roman 14] Oc. [dʒuɾnál] It. [dʒornáːle] 'journal'	—
iugulate	kill them	occidite	CL synonym	See necetur.	Pr. [ɟʊgláːtɪs̺] Rm. [ʒungiáts]
ius	law	legem	CL synonym	Pr. [léɟe] O.Fr [léi̯] Fr. [lwa] Oc. [léi̯] Ct. [ʎɛ́i̯] Dl. [líg] It. [léddʒe] Sp. [léi̯] Pt. [léi̯]	Pr. [ɟúːre] It. [dʒúɾe] O.Sp [ʒúɾ] O.Pt [ʒúɾ]
ius	law	potestatem	CL for 'power, authority'.	Pr. [potes̺táːte] O.Fr [poðes̺tǽθ] O.Oc [poes̺tát] O.It [podestáːde] It. [podestá^x]	Pr. [ɟúːre] It. [dʒúɾe] O.Sp [ʒúɾ] O.Pt [ʒúɾ]
labium[lower-greek 12]	tub	conca	Could designate a sort of vessel in CL, but the main sense was 'shell'. Borrowed from Greek κόγχη.	Pr. [kɔ́ŋka] Fr. [kɔ̃ʃ_ə] It. [kóŋka] Sp. [kwéŋka] 'basin, watershed'	—
lamento	I wail	ploro	CL for 'I weep'.	Pr. [plóːro] O.Fr [plóu̯r] Fr. [plœʁ] Oc. [plúɾi] Ct. [plɔ́ɾu] O.It [pjóːro] Ara. [pʎóɾo] Sp. [ʎóɾo] Pt. [ʃɔ́ɾu]
laterum	bricks	teularum	CL tegularum 'roof-tiles'.	Pr. [téːɣʊlas] O.Fr [tíu̯ləs̺~téʎəs̺] Fr. [tɥil_ə.z]Oc. [téu̯lɔs̺] Ct. [tɛ́u̯ɫəs̺] Dl. [tákle] It. [téggje~tégole] Sp. [téxas̺] Ast. [téʝas̺] Pt. [téʎɐʃ]
lebes	boiler	chaldaria	CL caldarium 'warm bath'.	Pr. [kaldáːr^ja] O.Fr [tʃaldjǽrə] Fr. [ʃodjɛʁ_ə] Oc. [kau̯ðjɛ́ɾɔ] Ct. [kəɫdéɾə] It. [kaldáːja] Dl. [kaldíra] Sp. [kaldéɾa] Pt. [kaldɐ́i̯ɾɐ] Rm. [kəldáre]
leva	left	sinistra	CL synonym.	Pr. [s̺ɪnɪ́s̺tra] Fr. [sənɛ́stχ_ə] Oc. [s̺enɛ́s̺trɔ] O.It [sinéstra] Rs. saniestra O.Sp [s̺injés̺tɾa] O.Pt [s̺ẽ.ɛ́s̺tɾa]
liberos	children	infantes	CL synonym.	Pr. [ɪfántes̺~ɪnfántes̺] O.Fr [enfánts] Fr. [ɑ̃fɑ̃_z] Oc. [efáns̺] Ct. [iɱfáns̺] Rs. uffants 'children' It. [fánti] 'infantry' O.Sp [iɸántes̺] O.Pt [ifántes̺] 'heirs-apparent'
litus	shore	ripa	CL synonym.	Pr. [ríːpa] O.Fr [rívə] Fr. [ʁiv_ə] Oc. [ríβɔ] Ct. [ríβə] Rs. riva It. [ríːva] Dl. [rái̯pa] Sp. [ríβa] Pt. [ʁíβɐ] Rm. [rɨ́pə]	Pr. [líːtu] It. [líːdo]
ludebant	they were playing	jocabant	CL synonym.	Pr. [ɟokáːβant] O.Fr [dʒo.ǽvənt] Fr. [ʒwɛ_ə.t] Oc. [dʒuɣáβɔn] Ct. [ʒuɣáβən] Rs. giogavan Dl. [dzokúa] It. [dʒokáːvano] Sp. [xuɣáβan] Pt. [ʒuɣávɐ̃ũ̯] Rm. [ʒukáu̯]	—
luto	mud	fecis	CL for 'dregs, sediment'.	Pr. [fɛ́ːkes̺] It. [fɛ́tʃi] Sp. [éθes̺] Pt. [fézɨʃ]	Pr. [lʊ́tu] O.Fr [lót] It. [lóːto] Sd. [lúːðu] Sp. [lóðo] Pt. [lóðu] Rm. [lút]
mala punica	pomegranates	mala granata	Periphrase: 'seeded apples'.	Pr. [máːla ɡranáːta] Oc. [milɣɾánɔ] Ct. [məɣɾánə] It. [melaɡráːna] O.Sp [milɡɾána] Sp. [ɡɾanáða] Pt. [ɡɾɐnáðɐ]	—
mala punica	pomegranates	mala granata	Periphrase: 'seeded apples'.	Pr. [póːma ɡranáːta] O.Fr [pómə grənádə][lower-roman 15] Fr. [ɡʁənad_ə]
malus	mast	mastus	Frankish *mast.	O.Fr [más̺t]^acc Fr. [mɑ] Oc. [más̺t]
manipulos	bundles	garbas	Frankish *garba.	Fr. [ʒɛʁb_ə.z] Oc. [gáɾβɔs̺] Ca. [ɡárbəs̺]	Pr. [manʊ́kli]^nomO.Fr [manóʎ] O.It [manókki] Rm. [mənú_nkʲ]
manipulos	bundles	garbas	Frankish *garba.	Fr. [ʒɛʁb_ə.z] Oc. [gáɾβɔs̺] Ca. [ɡárbəs̺]	Pr. [manʊ́klos̺]^acc O.Fr [manóʎts] Ct. [mənóʎs̺] Sp. [manóxos̺] Pt. [mɔ́ʎuʃ]
mares	male livestock	masculi	CL diminutive of mares (singular mas).	Pr. [más̺kʊli]^nom O.Fr [máz̺lə] It. [máski] Rm. dial [mas̄kúrʲ] 'male pigs'	—
mares	male livestock	masculi	CL diminutive of mares (singular mas).	Pr. [más̺kʊlos̺]^acc O.Fr [máz̺ləs̺] Fr. [mɑl_ə.z] Oc. [más̺kles̺] Ct. [más̺kləs̺] Rs. mascels Sd. [máskɾɔzɔ] Sp. [mátʃos̺] Pt. [máʃuʃ]
mergulum	diver bird	corvum marinum	Lit. 'sea-crow'.	Pr. [kɔ́rβu maríːnu] Fr. [kɔʁmɔʁɑ̃] Oc. [kɔ́ɾp marí] Ct. [kɔ́ɾp məɾí] Sp. [kweɾβo maɾíno] Pt. [kóɾvu mɐɾíɲu]
milites	soldiers	servientes	CL for servants'.	Pr. [serβ^jɛ́ntes̺] O.Fr [s̺erdʒénts] 'servants, sergeants' Fr. [sɛʁʒɑ̃_z] 'sergeants' Oc. [s̺iɾbéns̺] Ct. [s̺əɾβéns̺] Sp. [s̺iɾβjéntes̺] 'servants'
minas	threats	manaces	CL minacia 'menacing' reinterpreted as a fem noun.	Pr. [mɪnáccas̺] O.Fr [manátsəs̺] Fr. [mənás_ə.z] Oc. [menás̺ɔs̺] It. [minátʧe] O.Sp [menátsas̺] O.Pt [mẽ.átsas̺]	—
mutuo acceperam	I borrowed	impruntatum habeo	Prefixed deriv. of CL mutuari. Compound tense construction with habeo is characteristic of Romance.	Pr. [áɟo ɪmprumutáːtu] O.Fr [ái̯ empruntæθ] Fr. *[e ɑ̃pχœ̃te] Oc. [ái̯ empɾyntát] Rm. [ám ɨmprumutát]
mutuum dare	to lend	prestare	CL for 'provide, furnish'.	Pr. [pres̺táːre] O.Fr [pres̺tǽr] Fr. [pχɛte] Oc. [pɾes̺tá] Ct. [pɾəs̺tá] It. [prestáːɾe] Sp. [pɾes̺táɾ] Pt. [pɾɨʃtáɾ]
necetur	may he be killed	occidetur	CL synonym. In Romance the sense of necare had changed to 'kill by drowning'.	Pr. [okkíːðere] O.Fr [otsíðrə] Oc. [au̯sí] It. [uttʃíːdeɾe] Sd. [ɔkkíːðeɾe] Rm. [utʃídere]	Pr. [nekáːre] O.Fr [nei̯ǽr] Fr. [nwaje] It. [anneɡáːɾe]^+pref Sp. [aneɣáɾ]^+pref Arm. [nekáre]
nemini	to nobody	nulli	CL synonym.	Pr. [núɭɭu]^acc Fr. [nyl] Oc. [nýl] Ct. [núl] Dl. [núl] It. [núllo] Sic. [núɖɖu] 'none, futile'	Pr. [néːmɪni] Rm. [nímenʲ]
nent	they weave	filant	Pr. verb based on CL filum 'thread'.	Pr. [fíːlant] O.Fr [fílənt] Fr. [fil_ə.t] Oc. [fílɔn] Ct. [fíɫən] It. [fíːlano] Sp. [ílan] Pt. [fjɐ̃́ũ̯]	—
nonnulli	several	multi	CL synonym.	Pr. [mʊ́lti]^nom O.Fr [mólt] It. [mólti] Rm. [múltsʲ]
nonnulli	several	multi	CL synonym.	Pr. [mʊ́ltos̺]^acc O.Fr [mólts] Ct. [móɫs̺] Sp. [mútʃos̺] Pt. [mṹj̃ntuʃ][lower-roman 16]
non pepercit	he did not spare	non sparniavit	Frankish *sparanjan.	O.Fr [nən es̺parɲáθ] Fr. [nepaʁɲa][lower-roman 17] Oc. dial. [nu espaɾɲá] It. [non sparaɲɲɔ́^x]
novacula	razor	rasorium	CL rasum 'shaved' with instrumental suffix -orium.	Pr. [ras̺óːr^ju] O.Fr [raz̺ói̯r] Fr. [ʁazwaʁ] Oc. [raz̺ú] Ct. [rəó~raó_ɾ] It. [razóːjo] Sp. [ras̺éro]	Pr. [noβáːkla] Ct. [nəβáʎə] Sp. [naβáxa] Ast. [naβáʝa] Pt. [nɐváʎɐ]
noverca	stepmother	matrastra	CL matrem 'mother' with suffix -astra 'wannabe'.	Pr. [matrás̺tra] Fr. [maʁɑtχ_ə] Oc. [mai̯rás̺trɔ] Ct. [məðɾás̺tɾə] Sp. [maðɾás̺tɾa] Pt. [mɐðɾáʃtɐ]	Pr. [noβɛ́rka] Arm. nuearcã
nosse	to know	scire	More usual CL synonym.	Pr. [_ɪs̺kíːre] Sd. [iskíːre] Rm. [ʃtíre]	—
nutare	to wobble	cancellare	CL for 'criss-cross'. The Romance sense developed from the notion of crossing one's legs while walking.	Pr. [kankeɭɭáːre] O.Fr [tʃantsəlǽr] Fr. [ʃɑ̃s_əle]
ocreas	boots	husas	Frankish *hosa.	O.Fr [hwɛ́z̺əs̺] O.It [wɔ́ːze] O.Sp [wéz̺as̺] O.Pt [ɔ́z̺as̺]
offendas	may you drive off	abattas	CL battuas.	Pr. [abbátas̺] Fr. [abát_ə.z] Oc. [aβátɔs̺] Ct. [əβátəs̺] It. [abbátta] Sp. [aβátas̺] Pt. [ɐvátɐʃ]
onager	wild donkey	asinus salvaticus	Asinus is CL for 'donkey'. For salvaticus, see entry for aper.	Pr. [áːs̺ɪnʊs]^nom O.Fr [áz̺nəs̺]
onager	wild donkey	asinus salvaticus		Pr. [áːs̺ɪnu]^acc O.Fr [áz̺nə] Fr. [ɑn_ə] Oc. [áz̺ne] Ct. [áz̺ə] Rs. asen Lig. [áːze] It. [áːzino] Sd. [áːinu] Sp. [áz̺no] Pt. [áʒnu] Rm. dial asen
onustus	burdened	carcatus	Romance verb based on CL borrowing of Gaulish *karros.	Pr. [karrɪkáːtʊs̺]^nom O.Fr [tʃardʒjǽts] O.Oc [kaɾgáts]
onustus	burdened	carcatus	Romance verb based on CL borrowing of Gaulish *karros.	Pr. [karrɪkáːtu]^acc O.Fr [tʃardʒjǽθ] Fr. [ʃaʁʒe] Oc. [kaɾɣát] Ct. [kərəɣát] Dl. [karikút] It. [kaɾikáːto] Sp. [kaɾɣáðo] Pt. [kɐʁɨɣáðu] Rm. [ɨŋkərkát]^+pref
oppidis	towns	civitatibus	LL for 'cities'.	Pr. [kiβɪtáːtes̺] O.Fr [tsitǽts] Fr. [site_z] Oc. [s̺iu̯táts] Ct. [s̺iu̯táts̺] Rs. citads O.It [tʃittáːdi] It. [tʃittá^x] Sp. [θjuðáðes̺] Pt. [siðáðɨʃ] 'cities' Rm. [tʃetə́tsʲ] 'fortresses'
		castellis	CL for 'fortresses', diminutive of castra.	Pr. [kas̺tɛ́ɭɭi]^nom O.Fr [tʃas̺tɛ́l] O.Oc [kas̺tɛ́l] O.It [kastɛ́ʎʎi] It. [kastɛ́lli] Sic. [kaʃtɛ́ɖɖi]
		castellis	CL for 'fortresses', diminutive of castra.	Pr. [kas̺tɛ́ɭɭos̺]^acc O.Fr [tʃas̺tɛ́ls̺] Fr. [ʃɑto_z] Oc. [kas̺tɛ́ls̺] Ct. [kəs̺téʎs̺] Rs. chastès Sd. [kastɛ́ɖɖɔzɔ] Sp. [kas̺tíʎos̺] Ast. [kastjéʎos̺] Pt. [kɐʃtɛ́luʃ]
opilio	shepherd	berbicarius	CL ueruex 'ram' with occupational suffix -arius.	Pr. [berβɪkáːr^jʊs̺]^nom O.Fr [berdʒjǽrs̺]
				Pr. [berβɪkáːr^ju]^acc O.Fr [berdʒjǽr] Fr. [bɛʁʒe] Oc. dial [baʁdzjéi̯]
				Pr. [berβekáːr^ju] Sd. [bɛɾβɛkáːɾju] Rm. [berbekár]
oportet	it is fitting	convenit	Had this sense in CL as well.	Pr. [komβɛ́ːnɪt] O.Fr [konvjɛ́nt] Fr. [kɔ̃vjɛ̃_t] Oc. [kumbén] Ct. [kumbé] It. [koɱvjɛ́ːne] Sp. [kombjéne] Pt. [kõvɐ̃́ĩ̯] Rm. [kuvíne]
optimos	the best	meliores	CL for 'better'. In Romance it also came to mean 'best'.	Pr. [meʎʎóːres̺] O.Fr [meʎóu̯rs̺] Fr. [mɛjœʁ_z] Oc. [meʎús̺] Ct. [miʎós̺] Rs. megliers It. [miʎʎóːɾi] Sp. [mexóɾes̺] Ast. [meʝóɾes̺] Pt. [mɨʎɔ́ɾɨʃ]
optimum	the best	valde bonum	Lit. 'very good'. Valde survived as the first element of O.Fr vaudoux and vaupute[32].	Pr. [bɔ́ːnu] O.Fr [bwɛ́n] Fr. [bɔ̃] Oc. [bún] Ct. [bɔ́] Rs. [bún] Dl. [bún] It. [bwɔ́ːno] Sp. [bwéno] Ast. [bónu] Pt. [bṍ] Rm. [bún]
ore	mouth	bucca	CL for 'cheek'.	Pr. [bʊ́kka] O.Fr [bótʃə] Fr. [buʃ_ə] Oc. [búkɔ] Ct. [bókə] Rs. [bɔ́kə] Dl. [búka] It. [bókka] Sp. [bóka] Pt. [bókɐ] 'mouth' Rm. [búkə] 'cheek'
ostendit	he showed	monstravit	CL synonym.	Pr. [mos̺trát~mos̺tráu̯t] O.Fr [mos̺tráθ] Fr. [mɔ̃tχa][lower-roman 18] Oc. dial. [mus̺tɾá] Ct. [mus̺tɾá] It. [mostrɔ́^x] Sp. [mos̺tɾó] Pt. [muʃtɾóu̯] Rm. [mus̄trə́]
oves	sheep	berbices	CL vervex 'castrated ram'.	Pr. [berβíːkes̺] O.Fr [berbíts] Fr. [bʁəbi_z] O.Oc berbitz O.It [berbíːtʃi]	Pr. [ɔ́ːβes̺] Rm. [ói̯]
oves	sheep	berbices	CL vervex 'castrated ram'.	Pr. [berβéːkes̺] Sd. [baɾβɛ́ːɣɛzɛ] Rm. [beɾbétʃʲ]	Pr. [oβɪ́klas̺]^dimO.Fr [o.éʎəs̺] Fr. [waj_ə.z] Oc. [u.éʎɔs̺ ~ au̯véjaː] Ct. [uβɛ́ʎəs̺] Sp. [oβéxas̺] Pt. [ɔvɐ́ʎɐʃ]
paliurus	Christ's thorn	cardonis	From CL cardus 'thistle'.	Pr. [karðóːne] O.Fr [tʃardón]^acc Fr. [ʃaʁdɔ̃] Oc. [kaɾðú]	—
pallium	cloak	drappum	Frankish *drāpi.	O.Fr [dráp] Fr. [dʁa] Oc. [dɾáp] Ct. [dɾáp] Dl. [dráp] It. [dráppo] Sd. [dɾápu] Sp. [tɾápo] Pt. [tɾápu]	—
papilionis	tent	travis	Gallo-Romance nominative based on CL acc trabem 'beam' or 'structure built around a beam'.	O.Fr [trǽs̺]^nom	Pr. [papɪʎʎóːne] O.Fr [paveʎón] 'butterfly, pavilion' Fr. [pavijɔ̃] Oc. [paβaʎú] It. [padiʎʎóːne] Sp. [paβeʎón] 'pavilion' Fr. [papijɔ̃][lower-roman 19] Oc. [paɾpaʎú] Ct. [pəpəʎó_nə] O.It [parpaʎʎóːne] 'butterfly'
papilionis	tent	travis		Pr. [tráːβe]^acc O.Fr [trǽf] 'tent, beam' O.Oc [tráu̯] It. [tráːve] Pt. [tɾávɨ]
pabula[lower-greek 13]	blister	visica	Vesica could have this meaning in CL as well, but its main sense was 'bladder'.	Pr. [βes̺s̺íːka] Fr. [vesí_ə] Oc. [bes̺íɣo] Ct. [bəʃíɣə] It. [veʃʃíːka] Sd. [bussíːka] Sp. [bexíɣa] Ast. [beʃíɣa] Pt. [bɨʃíɣɐ] Rm. [bəʃíkə] 'blister, bladder'	—
paria	alike	similia	Contextual CL synonym.	Pr. [s̺ɪmɪʎʎáːre]^verb It. [somiʎʎáːɾe] Sp. [s̺emexáɾ] Pt. [sɨmɨʎáɾ] 'resemble'	Pr. [páːr^ja] O.Fr [pái̯rə] Fr. [pɛʁ_ə] It. [páːja] 'pair(s)'
paria	alike	similia	Contextual CL synonym.	Pr. [s̺ɪmɪláːre] O.Fr [s̺emblǽr] Fr. [sɑ̃ble] Oc. [s̺emblá] Ct. [s̺əmbɫá] Rm. [s̄emənáre] 'resemble'
pera	bag	sportellam	CL diminutive of sporta 'basket'.	Pr. [_ɪs̺portɛ́ɭɭa] O.Oc esportella O.It sportella Sp. [es̺portíʎa]	—
peribet	he bears	perportat	The context is Ioannes testimonium perhibet.	Fr. il porte témoignage It. porta testimonianza
pes	foot	pedis	Gallo-Romance nominative based on CL accusative form pedem.	O.Fr [pjɛ́ts]^nom O.Oc [pɛ́s̺]
pes	foot	pedis		Pr. [pɛ́ːðe]^acc O.Fr [pjɛ́θ] Fr. [pje] Oc. [pɛ́] Ct. [pɛ́u̯] Rs. [pɛ́] Lom. [pɛ́] It. [pjɛ́ːde] Dl. [pí] Sp. [pjé] Pt. [pɛ́] Sd. [pɛ́i] O.Rm piez
pignus	pledge	wadius	Frankish *waddi.	O.Fr [gwádʒə] Fr. [ɡaʒ_ə] Oc. [gádʒe] 'will, testament'	Pr. [pɪ́ɣnʊs̺] O.Sp [péɲos̺] Sp. [péɲo]
					Pr. [pɪ́ɣnu] Rs. pegn It. [péɲɲo]
					Pr. [pɪ́ɣnora] O.It [péɲɲora] Sp. [pɾénda]
					Pr. [pɪɣnóːre] Pt. [peɲóɾ]
pingues	fat	grassi	CL crassi.	Pr. [ɡrás̺s̺i]^nom O.Fr [grás̺] It. [ɡɾássi] Rm. [ɡráʃʲ]	—
pingues	fat	grassi	CL crassi.	Pr. [ɡrás̺s̺os̺]^acc O.Fr [grás̺] Fr. [ɡʁɑ] Ct. [ɡɾás̺us̺] Rs. [grás] Dl. [grés] Sd. [ɡɾássɔzɔ] Sp. [ɡɾás̺os̺] Pt. [ɡɾáʃuʃ]
plaustra	carts	carra	Gaulish *karros.	Pr. [kárri]^nom O.Fr [tʃár] It. [kárri] Rm. [káre]
plaustra	carts	carra	Gaulish *karros.	Pr. [kárros̺]^acc O.Fr [tʃárs̺] Fr. [ʃaʁ_z] Oc. [káris̺] Ct. [kárus̺] Sp. [káros̺] Pt. [káʁuʃ]
pulempta[lower-greek 14]	barley	farina	CL for 'flour'.	Pr. [faríːna] Fr. [faʁin_ə] Oc. [faɾínɔ] Ct. [fəɾínə] Rs. farina It. [faríːna] Dl. [farái̯na] Sp. [aɾína] Pt. [fɐɾíɲɐ] Rm. [fəínə]	Pr. [polɛ́nta] Dl. [poljánta] It. [polɛ́nta]
pupillam	pupil	nigrum in oculo	Periphrase, 'the black in an eye'.	Fr. le noir de l'œil	—
ponatur	may it be placed	mittatur	CL mittere 'send' came to mean 'put' in LL.	Pr. [mɪ́ttere] O.Fr [métrə] Fr. [mɛtχ_ə] Oc. [métɾe] Ct. [mɛ́tɾə] It. [métteɾe] Sd. [míntɛɾɛ] Sp. [metéɾ] Pt. [mɨtéɾ]	Pr. [póːnere] O.Fr [póndɾə] Fr. [pɔ̃dʁ_ə] Oc. [púndɾe] Ct. [pɔ́ndɾə] 'lay an egg' It. [pórre] Sp. [ponéɾ] Pt. [póɾ] Rm. [púnere] 'put, place'
ponderatus	burdened	graviatus	Pr. verb based on CL gravis 'heavy, burdened'.	Pr. [graβ^jáːtus̺] O.Fr [grədʒjǽts]	—
poplite	ham of the knee	juncture janiculorum	Periphrase, 'junctions of the knees'. Janiculorum is an attempt to spell CL geniculorum.	Pr. [ɟuntúːras̺] Fr. [ʒwɛ̃tyʁ_ə.z] Oc. [dʒuɲtʃýrɔs̺] Ct. [ʒuntúɾəs̺] It. [dʒuntúːɾe] Sp. [xuntúɾas] Pt. [ʒũntúɾɐʃ]
				Pr. [genʊ́kli]^nomO.Fr [dʒənóʎ]Dl. [dzenákle]It. [dʒinɔ́kki]Rm. [dʒenú_nkʲ]
				Pr. [genʊ́klos̺]^acc O.Fr [dʒənóʎts] Fr. [ʒənu_z] Oc. [dʒenúls̺] Ct. [ʒənóʎs̺] Rm. schanugls Sd. [ɡenúːɣɾɔzɔ] Sp. [inóxos̺] Pt. [ʒwɐ́ʎuʃ]
pruina	frost	gelata	CL gel- 'freeze' with Romance noun-forming suffix -ata.	Pr. [geláːta] O.Fr [dʒəlǽðə] Fr. [ʒəle_ə] Oc. [dʒeláðɔ] Ct. [ʒəɫáðə] Dl. [gelút]^masc It. [dʒeláːta] Sp. [eláða] Pt. [ʒjáðɐ]	Pr. [prʊ.íːna] O.Fr [brúi̯nə] Fr. [bʁɥin_ə] 'drizzle' O.Oc bruina It. [bríːna] 'frost'
pugione	dagger	lancea	CL for 'spear'. The glosser may have had in mind O.Fr lancete 'small pointed instrument'.	Pr. [lánca] O.Fr [lántsə] Fr. [lɑ̃s_ə] Oc. [láns̺ɔ] Ct. [ʎáns̺ə] It. [láɲtʃa] Sp. [lánθa] Pt. [lɐ̃́sɐ]	—
pulchra	beautiful	bella	CL synonym.	Pr. [bɛ́ɭɭa] O.Fr [bɛ́lə] Fr. [bɛl_ə] Oc. [bɛ́lɔ] Ct. [béʎə] Rs. bella Lom. [bɛ́lɐ] It. [bɛ́lla] Sic. [bɛ́ɖɖa] Dl. [bjála] Sp. [béʎa] Pt. [bɛ́lɐ]	—
pusillum	small	parvum	CL synonym.	Pr. [párβu] O.Fr [párf] Pt. [páɾvu] 'small'
pusillum	small	parvum	CL synonym.	Pr. [párβʊlu]^dimO.It [párvolo] It. [párgolo] 'boy'
pustula	blister	malis clavis[lower-greek 15]	CL clavus had this sense as well, although its main meaning was 'nail'.	Pr. [kláːβu] O.Fr [klɔ́u̯] Fr. [klu] 'nail, pustule' O.Oc [kláu̯][lower-roman 20] Ct. [kláu̯] O.It [kjáːvo][upper-roman 3] Ara. [kʎáu̯] Sp. [kláβo] Pt. [kɾávu] 'nail'
regit	he rules	gubernat	CL synonym borrowed from Greek κῠβερνᾰ́ειν.	Pr. [gʊβɛ́rnat] O.Fr [govɛ́rnəθ] Fr. [guvɛʁn_ə] Oc. [ɡuβɛ́ɾnɔ] Ct. [guβɛ́rnə] It. [govɛ́rna] Sp. [ɡoβjéɾna] Pt. [ɡuvéɾnɐ]	Pr. [rɛ́ɟɪt] It. [rɛ́ddʒe]
remetieur	he shall remeasure	remensurabit	Verb based on CL mensura 'measure'.	Pr. [mes̺uráːre] O.Fr [məz̺urǽr] Fr. [məzyʁe] Oc. [mez̺yɾá] Ct. [məz̺uɾá] Rs. mesirar It. [mizuráːɾe] Sp. [mes̺uɾáɾ] Pt. [mɨzuɾáɾ] Rm. [məs̄uráre]	Pr. [metíːre] Sd. [meðíɾɛ] Sp. [meðíɾ] Pt. [mɨðíɾ]
repente	suddenly	subito	CL synonym.	Pr. [s̺ʊ́βɪto~s̺ú:βɪto] O.Fr [s̺úps̺][upper-roman 4] Oc. [s̺ýtte] Ct. [s̺ýptə]	—
repente	suddenly	subito	CL synonym.	Pr. [s̺ʊβɪtá:nu] O.Fr [s̺odéi̯n] Fr. [sudɛ̃]
reppererunt	they found	invenerunt	CL synonym.	O.Fr envindrent[upper-roman 5] O.Sd imbennerun
res	thing	causa	CL for 'subject matter'.	Pr. [káu̯s̺a] O.Fr [tʃóz̺ə] Fr. [ʃoz_ə] Oc. [káu̯z̺ɔ] Ct. [kɔ́z̺ə] Rs. chossa It. [kɔ́ːza] Dl. [káu̯sa] O.Sd casa O.Sp [kóz̺a] Sp. [kós̺a] O.Pt [kóu̯.z̺a] Pt. [kói̯.zɐ]	Pr. [rés̺] Oc. [rés̺] Ct. [rɛ́s̺] 'nothing' Sp. [rés̺] 'head of cattle'
res	thing	causa	CL for 'subject matter'.		Pr. [rɛ́ːne] O.Fr [rjɛ́n] 'thing' Fr. [ʁjɛ̃] Oc. dial. rèn O.Pt ren Gal. [réŋ] 'nothing'
respectant	they look back	rewardant	Frankish *wardōn 'watch over, protect'.	O.Fr [rəgwárdənt] Fr. [ʁəɡaʁd_ə.t] Oc. [ɡwáɾðan]^-pref Ct. [ɡwáɾðən]^-pref Rs. vurdan^-pref It. [rigwárdano] Sp. [gwáɾðan]^-pref Pt. [ɡwáɾðɐ̃ũ̯]^-pref	Pr. [res̺pɛ́ktant] It. [rispɛ́ttano] Pt. [ʁɨʃpɐ́i̯tɐ̃ũ̯] 'they respect'
restant	they stay	remanent	CL synonym	Pr. [remáːnent] O.Fr [rəmái̯nənt] Ct. [rumánən] It. [rimáŋgono] Ro. [rəmɨ́n]	—
reus	guilty	culpabilis	LL synonym composed of culpa 'blame' and -abilis 'worthy of'.	Pr. [kʊlpáːβɪle] O.Fr [kolpáblə] Fr. [kupabl_ə] Oc. [kulpáble] It. [kolpéːvole] 'guilty'	Pr. [rɛ́ːu] It. [río] Dl. [rí] Rm. [rə́u̯] 'bad, evil'
reveretur	he fears	verecundatur	CL for 'he feels shame'.	Pr. [verɣʊ́ndat] O.Fr [vergóndəθ]	—
rostrum	beak	beccus	CL borrowing of Gaulish *bekkos.	Pr. [bɛ́kkʊs̺] O.Fr [bɛ́s̺]	Pr. [rós̺tru] Rm. [rós̄t] 'mouth'
rostrum	beak	beccus	CL borrowing of Gaulish *bekkos.	Pr. [bɛ́kku] O.Fr [bɛ́k] Fr. [bɛk] Oc. [bɛ́k] Ct. [bɛ́k] It. [békko] Sp. [píko] Pt. [bíku]	Pr. [rós̺tru] Rm. [rós̄t] 'mouth'
rufa	reddish	sora	Frankish *saur.	Fr. [sɔ́ʁ_ə] 'smoked' Oc. [s̺áu̯ɾɔ] 'yellow' Ca. [s̺áu̯ɾə] 'dark yellow'	—
ruga	wrinkle	fruncetura	Frankish *hrunkja with Romance suffix -tura.	O.Fr [frontsəðúrə] Fr. [fʁɔ̃syʁ_ə] Ct. [fɾuns̺iðúɾə]	Pr. [rúːɣa] O.Fr [rúə] Fr. [ʁy_ə] Oc. dial [rýɔ] 'street' It. [rúga] 'wrinkle' Arm. [rúgə] 'sheep-gate'
rupem	rock	petram	CL borrowing from Greek πέτρα.	Pr. [pɛ́ːtra] O.Fr [pjɛ́ðrə] Fr. [pjɛr_ə] Oc. [pɛ́i̯ɾɔ] Ct. [píðɾə] Dl. [pítra] It. [pjɛ́tra] Sp. [pjeðɾa] Pt. [pɛ́ðɾɐ] Rm. [pjátrə]	Pr. [rúːpe] It. [rúːpe] 'cliff'
saga	a covering	cortina	LL for 'curtain', from an earlier CL term for a type of cauldron. The sense evolution is unclear.	Pr. [kortíːna] Fr. [kuχtin_ə] Oc. [kuɾtínɔ] Ct. [kurtínə] It. [kortíːna] Sp. [koɾtína] O.Pt [koɾtíɲa][upper-roman 6] 'curtain'	Pr. [s̺áːɣa] Fr. [sɛ_ə] O.Sp [s̺ája] Pt. [sájɐ] 'skirt'
sagma	packsaddle	soma	The same word after a number of Romance developments. Attested as salma in Isidore.	Pr. [s̺áɣma] Fr. [sɔm_ə] 'packsaddle' Oc. [s̺áu̯mɔ] 'female donkey' Ct. [s̺áɫmə] 'ton' It. [sóma] 'load' or [sálma] 'corpse'	—
sagma	packsaddle	sella	CL synonym	Pr. [s̺ɛ́ɭɭa] Fr. [sɛl_ə] Oc. [s̺ɛ́lɔ] Ct. [s̺éʎə] Dl. [sjála] It. [sɛ́lla] Sd. [sɛ́ɖɖa] Sic. [sɛ́ɖɖa] Sp. [s̺íʎa] Pt. [sɛ́lɐ] Rm. [ʃá] 'saddle'
saniore	healthier	plus sano	Periphrase, 'more healthy'. Synthetic construction typical of Romance.	Pr. [plus̺ s̺áːnu] O.Fr [plus̺ s̺ái̯n] Fr. [ply sɛ̃] Oc. [pys̺ s̺á] O.Ct [pus̺ s̺án] It. [pjus sáːno] Sd. [pɾus sánnu] O.Pt [tʃus̺ s̺áo]
sarcina	package	bisatia	CL bisaccium 'double-sack'.	Pr. [bɪs̺ácca] Fr. [bəzás_ə] Oc. [bjás̺ɔ] It. [bizáttʃa]	Pr. [s̺árkɪna] Rm. [s̄ártʃinə] Arm. sartsinã
sartago	pan	patella	CL synonym	Pr. [patɛ́ɭɭa] O.Fr [paðɛ́lə] Fr. [pwɑl_ə] Oc. [paðɛ́lɔ] Ct. [pə.éʎə] Rs. padella It. [padɛ́lla] Sic. [parɛ́ɖɖa] Sp. [pái̯la]	Pr. [s̺artáɟɪne] Oc. [s̺aɾtáŋ] Nea. [sartáːʃənə] Sp. [s̺aɾtén] Pt. [sɨɾtɐ̃́]
scinifes	gnats	cincellas	Likely onomatopoeic.	Pr. [ts^jints^jáːlas̺] O.Fr [tsintsǽləs̺] It. [dzandzáːɾe] Ven. [zʤiŋsáe] Rm. [tsɨntsárʲ]^masc	—
segetes	crops	messes	CL synonym	Pr. [mɛ́s̺s̺es̺] It. [mɛ́ssi] Sp. [mjés̺es̺] Pt. [mésɨʃ]
segetes	crops	messes	CL synonym	Pr. [mess^jóːnes̺] O.Fr [mei̯.s̺óns̺] Fr. [mwasɔ̃_z] Oc. [mei̯.s̺ús̺]
semel	once	una vice	Romance periphrase: 'one time', from CL vice 'turn, instance'.	Pr. [una βɪ́ke] O.Fr [unə féi̯ts][upper-roman 7] Fr. [yn_ə fwa] Oc. [ynɔ βéts] Sp. [una βéθ] Pt. [umɐ véʃ]
sepulta	interred	sepelita	Rare CL variant.	Pr. [s̺epelíːta] O.Fr [s̺əvəlíðə] Fr. [ɑ̃səv_əli_ə]^+pref Oc. [s̺eβelíðɔ] It. [seppellíːta]	Pr. [s̺epʊ́lta] Dl. [sepwálta] It. [sepólta]^lit
sindone	type of cloth	linciolo	CL. linteolum 'linen cloth'.	Pr. [lints^jɔ́ːlu] O.Fr [lintswɛ́l] Fr. [lɛ̃sœl] Oc. [lens̺ɔ́l] Ct. [ʎəns̺ɔ́ɫ] Rs. lenziel Dl. [lentsúl] It. [lentswɔ́ːlo] Sd. [leθólu] Sp. [lenθwélo] Pt. [lẽsɔ́ɫ]	Pr. [s̺indóːne] It. [sindóːne]
singulariter	alone	solamente	Romance grammaticalization of CL ablative absolutes such as sollicita mente 'assiduously'.	Pr. [s̺olamɛ́nte] O.Fr [s̺oləmɛ́nt] Fr. [sœl_əmɑ̃][upper-roman 8] Oc. [s̺ulɔmén] Ct. [s̺oləmén] It. [solaménte] Sp. [s̺olaménte] Pt. [sɔmẽ́ntɨ]	—
si vis	if you wish	si voles	Pr. voles was constructed from such CL conjugations as volunt 'they wish'[36].	Pr. [s̺i βɔ́ːles̺] O.Fr [s̺i vwɛ́ls̺] Fr. [si vø_z] Oc. [s̺e βɔ́les̺] Ct. [s̺i βɔ́ɫs̺] Rs. sche vuls* Sd. [si βɔ́ːlɛzɛ] Dl. [se búle] It. [sev.vwɔ́i]	—
solutis	set free, absolved	disligatis	Negating prefix dis applied to CL ligare 'link, join'.	Pr. [dɪs̺lɪɣáːtos̺] O.Fr [dez̺liǽts] Fr. [delje] O.Sp [dez̺leɣáðos̺] O.Pt [dez̺leɣáðos̺]	Pr. [s̺olúːtos̺]^acc O.Fr [s̺olúts] O.Oc [s̺olúts] 'resolved, paid'
				Pr. [dɪs̺lɪɣáːti] It. [sligáːti] Rm. [dez̄legáts^j]	Pr. [s̺ɔ́ltos̺]^acc O.Fr [s̺ɔ́lts] O.Ct [s̺ɔ́lts] 'resolved, paid' Sp. [s̺wéltos̺] Pt. [sóɫtuʃ] 'loose, free'
				Pr. [dɪs̺lɪɣáːti] It. [sligáːti] Rm. [dez̄legáts^j]	Pr. [s̺ɔ́lti]^nom It. [sɔ́lti] 'released'
sortileus	fortune teller	sorcerus	CL sorte 'fortune' with occupational suffix -arius.	Pr. [s̺orts^jáːr^ju]^acc O.Fr [s̺ortsjǽr] Fr. [sɔχsje]	—
spatula	palm frond	rama palmarum	Periphrase, 'palm-tree branch'. Rama comes from the Pr. collective form[37] of CL ramus 'branch'.	Pr. [ráːma] O.Fr [rái̯mə] Fr. [ʁam_ə][upper-roman 9] O.Oc [ráma] Ct. [rámə] Sp. [ráma] 'branch'
spatula	palm frond	rama palmarum		Pr. [pálmas̺] O.Fr [pálməs̺] Fr. [pom_ə.z] Oc. [páu̯mɔs̺] Ct. [páɫməs̺] Dl. [púlme] It. [pálme] Sd. [páɾmaza] Sp. [pálmas̺] Pt. [páɫmɐʃ] Rm. [pálme]
stercora	excrements	femus	CL fimus, a synonym.	Pr. [fɛ́ːmʊs̺] O.Fr [fjɛ́ns̺] Oc. [féns̺] Ct. [fém]	Pr. [_ɪs̺tɛ́rku] It. [stɛ́rko] O.Sp [es̺tjéɾko] Pt. [ɨʃtɛ́ɾku] Rm. [ʃtérk]
stercora	excrements	femus	CL fimus, a synonym.	Pr. [fɛ́ːmʊs̺] O.Fr [fjɛ́ns̺] Oc. [féns̺] Ct. [fém]	Pr. [_ɪs̺tɛ́rkore] Sp. [es̺tjéɾkol]
submersi	drowned	necati	CL for 'murdered'.	See necetur.	Pr. [s̺ʊmmɛ́rs̺i] It. [sommɛ́rsi]
subtilissima	very thin	perpittita	Of unknown origin. Per is a CL intensifying prefix.	Pr. [pɪttíːta] Fr. [pətit_ə]	Pr. [s̺ʊptíːle] O.Fr [s̺otíl] O.Oc [s̺otíl] O.Ct [s̺otíl] It. [sottíːle] Sd. suttile Rm. [s̄uptsíre]
succendunt	they set ablaze	sprendunt	CL prendunt 'they seize' with prefix ex.	Pr. [es̺prɛ́ndʊnt] O.Fr [es̺prɛ́nənt] Fr. [epχɛn_ə.t]	—
sudario	priest's gown	fanonem	Frankish *fano. The original sense of sudarium was 'sweat-cloth', composed of sudor 'sweat' and locational suffix -ario.	O.Fr [fanón] Fr. [fanɔ̃] 'papal gown'	Pr. [s̺uðar^jɔ́ːlu]^dim Dl. [sedarúl] 'handkerchief'
sulcis	furrows	rige	Gaulish *rica.	O.Fr [réi̯əs̺] Fr. [ʁɛ_ə.z] Oc. [réɣɔs̺]	Pr. [s̺ʊ́lki]^nomIt. [sólki] O.Rm [s̄úlk^j]
sulcis	furrows	rige	Gaulish *rica.	O.Fr [réi̯əs̺] Fr. [ʁɛ_ə.z] Oc. [réɣɔs̺]	Pr. [sʊ́lkos̺]^accCt. [s̺óɫks̺] Sd. [súɾkɔzɔ] Sp. [s̺úɾkos̺] Pt. [súkuʃ]
sus	pig	porcus	CL synonym.	See entry for aper.	Sd. sue
talpas	moles	muli	Frankish *mul.	O.Fr [mulót]^dim Fr. [mylo] 'field mouse'	Pr. [tálpa] O.Fr [tálpə] Fr. [top_ə] Oc. [tálpɔ] Ct. [táɫp]^masc It. [tálpa] Sd. [táɾpaza] Sp. [tópo]^masc Pt. dial toupa[upper-roman 10]
tectum	roof	solarium	CL for 'roof-terrace'. Sol 'sun' with locational suffix -arium.	Pr. [s̺oláːr^ju] O.Fr [s̺oljǽr] Fr. dial. [sɔlje] Oc. [s̺ulɛ́] 'loft'	Pr. [téktu] O.Fr [téi̯t] Fr. [twa] Oc. [tétʃ~té_t] Rs. tetg Dl. [tját] It. [tétto] Sp. [tétʃo] Pt. [tɛ́tu]
tedet	it annoys	anoget	The Modèle:Angbr represents /j/[39]. The scribe has failed to Latinize the spelling to inodiat, a Romance verb derived from CL odium 'hate'.	Pr. [ɪnɔ́ɟat] O.Fr [anúi̯əθ] Fr. [ɑ̃nɥi_ə] Oc. [anýdʒɔ] Ct. [ənúdʒə] It. [údʒʒa]^-pref Sp. [enóxa] Pt. [inóʒɐ]	—
tedio	monotony	tepiditas	Noun version of CL tepidum 'lukewarm'.	Pr. [tɛ́ːpɪðu] O.Fr [tjɛ́və] Fr. [tjɛd_ə] Oc. [tɛ́βi] Ct. [tɛ́βi] It. [tjɛ́ːpido] Sp. [tíβjo] Pt. [tíβju] 'lukewarm'
tereo[lower-greek 16]	I thresh	tribulo	Verb based on CL tribulum 'threshing-board', itself composed of tero and the instrumental suffix -bulum.	Pr. [tríːβlo] O.Fr [tríblə~tríu̯lə] Ct. [tɾíʎu] It. [tríbbjo] Sd. triulo Sp. [tɾíʎo] Pt. [tɾíʎu]
teristrum	veil	cufia	Frankish *kuffja.	O.Fr cofie Fr. [kwáf_ə] O.Oc kofa
teristrum	veil	vitta	CL for 'headband'.	Pr. [βɪ́tta] O.Fr [vétə] Ct. [bɛ́tə] It. [vétta] Sp. [béta] Pt. [fítɐ] Rm. [bátə]
torax	cuirass	brunia	Frankish *brunnia.	O.Fr bronie Fr. [bʁwaɲ_ə] O.Oc bronha
trabem	beam	trastrum	From CL transtrum 'crossbeam'. O.Fr tref < trabem could mean 'tent' as well.	Pr. [trás̺tu] O.Fr [trás̺tə] 'crossbeam' Sp. [tɾás̺to] Pt. [tɾáʃtɨ] 'junk'	See mastus.
trabem	beam	trastrum		Pr. [tras̺tɛ́ɭɭu]^dim O.Fr [træs̺tɛ́l] Fr. [tχeto] 'trestle'	See mastus.
transferent	they will carry over	transportent	CL ferre 'carry' was displaced in Romance by portare, originally a less common synonym.	Pr. [tras̺pɔ́rtant] O.Fr [træs̺pɔ́rtənt] O.It [trapɔ́rtano]	—
transgredere	go past	ultra alare	Ultra is CL for 'beyond'. Alare is a Latinized spelling of O.Fr aler 'go'[39] of disputed origin.	O.Fr *oltraler
transmeare	to swim across	transnotare	Pr. *notare 'swim' is CL natare.after vowel dissimilation.	Pr. [tras̺notáːre] O.Fr *tresnoder O.It [tranotáːɾe]
				Pr. [notáːre] O.Fr [noðǽr] Rs. nodar Dl. [notúr] O.It [notáːɾe][upper-roman 11] Rm [ɨnotáre]^+pref
				Pr. [natáːre] Oc. [naðá] Ct. [nəðá] Sp. [naðáɾ] Pt. [nɐðáɾ]
tugurium	hut	cavana	Of obscure origin.	Pr. [kapánna] O.Fr [tʃavánə] Oc. [kaβánɔ] It. [kapánna] Ara. [kapánna] Sp. [kaβáɲa] Pt. [kɐβɐ́nɐ]
turibulum	incense burner	incensarium	LL incensum with locational suffix -arium.	Pr. [ɪnkens̺áːr^ju] O.Fr [entsens̺jǽr] 'incense burner' Fr. [ɑ̃sɑ̃sje] 'rosemary'
thurmas	crowds	fulcos	Frankish *fulc.	O.Fr [fóls] Fr. [ful_ə.z]^fem O.Oc. folcs	Pr. [tʊ́rmas̺] It. [tórme] Fri. torme Sd. [tɾúːmaza] Rm. [túrme]
tutamenta	defenses	defendementa	CL defendere 'protect' with instrumental suffix -mentum.	O.Fr defendemenz	—
uecors	foolish, senseless	esdarnatus	Frankish *darn.	Fr. dial [daʁn_ə] 'stumbling, impulsive'	—
ueru	roasting-spit	spidus	Frankish *spit.	O.Fr [es̺péi̯ts]^nom	Pr. [βerrʊ́klu][upper-roman 12] O.Fr [veróʎ] Fr. [vɛʁu][upper-roman 13] Oc. [barúl] O.Sp [βeróʒo][upper-roman 14] O.Pt [βeróʎo][upper-roman 15] .'door-bolt'
ueru	roasting-spit	spidus	Frankish *spit.	O.Fr [es̺péi̯θ]^acc Fr. [epwa] Sp. [es̺péto] Pt. [iʃpétu]
uespertiliones	bats	calves sorices	In CL this would mean 'bald mice'.	Pr. [kálβas̺ s̺oríːkes̺] O.Fr [tʃálvəs̺ s̺oríts] Fr. [ʃofsuʁi_z]	Pr. [βes̺pertɛ́ɭɭu]^dim O.It [vispistrɛ́llo] It. [pipistrɛ́llo] Ast. [es̺peɾtéʝu]
uestis	garment	rauba	Frankish *rauba 'spoils of war, garments'	O.Fr [rɔ́bə] Fr. [ʁɔb_ə] Oc. [ráu̯βɔ] Ct. [rɔ́βə] It. [rɔ́ːba] Sp. [rópa] Pt. [ʁóu̯pɐ]	Pr. [βes̺tɪmɛ́ntu] O.Fr [ves̺təmɛ́nt] Fr. [vɛt_əmɑ̃] Rs. büschmaint Dl. [vestemjánt] Rm. [veʃmɨ́nt]
uim	power	fortiam	CL fortia 'strong' reinterpreted as a feminine noun.	Pr. [fɔ́rts^ja] O.Fr [fɔ́rtsə] Fr. [fɔχs_ə] Oc. [fɔ́ɾs̺ɔ] Ct. [fɔ́ɾs̺ə] Rs. forza It. [fɔ́rtsa] Sp. [fwéɾθa] Pt. [fóɾsɐ]	—
uiscera	guts	intralia	Analogous CL interanea, from Pre-Latin *interus 'inside' with adjective suffix -anea.	Pr. [ɪntráʎʎas̺] O.Fr [entráʎəs̺] Fr. [ɑ̃tχaj_ə.z] Oc. [entɾáʎɔs̺]
uiscera	guts	intralia		Pr. [ɪntráɲɲas̺] O.Fr [entɾáɲəs̺] Ct. [əntɾáɲəs̺] Sp. [entɾáɲas̺] Pt. [ẽntɾɐ́ɲɐʃ]
ungues	fingernails	ungulas	CL for 'claws' diminutive of ungues.	Pr. [ʊ́ŋglas̺] O.Fr [óŋɡləs̺] Fr. [ɔ̃ɡl_ə.z] Oc. [úŋɡlɔs̺] Ct. [úŋɡləs̺] Rs. [úŋgləs] It. [úŋɡje] Dl. [jóŋgle] Sd. [úŋgɾaza] Sp. [úɲas̺] Pt. [úɲɐʃ] Rm. [úŋɡʲ]
uorax	devouring	manducans	CL for 'chewing'. Manducare later became the standard word for 'eat' in most Romance languages.	Pr. [mandukándo]^ger O.Fr [maɲdʒjánt] Fr. [mɑ̃ʒɑ̃] Oc. [maɲdʒján] Ct. [məŋʒán] Rs. mangiond O.It [manikándo] Ara. [miɲtʃándo] Sd. [mandiɣándɛ] Rm. [mɨŋkɨ́nd]
urguet	he urges onward	adastat	Frankish *haist 'haste'.	O.Oc adasta[44]
usuris	interest on a loan	lucris	CL for 'profits, wealth'.	Pr. [lʊ́kri]^nom Arom. lucri 'objects'
usuris	interest on a loan	lucris	CL for 'profits, wealth'.	Pr. [lʊ́kros̺]^acc O.Fr [lói̯rs̺] 'revenues, assets' Sp. [lóɣɾos̺] Pt. [lóɣɾuʃ] 'achievements'
utere	use	usitare	CL freq. of utere.	Pr. [úːs̺a] Fr. [yz_ə] Oc. [ýz̺ɔ] Ct. [úz̺ə] It. [úːza] Sp. [ús̺a] Pt. [úzɐ]
utres	wineskins	folli	CL folles 'leather bags, bellows'.	Pr. [fɔ́ɭɭes̺] O.Fr [fɔ́ls̺] Fr. [fu_z] Oc. [fɔ́ls̺] Ct. [fóʎs̺] It. [fɔ́lli] 'madmen, fools' Sd. [fɔ́ɖɖɛzɛ] Sp. [fwéʎes̺] Pt. [fɔ́lɨʃ] Rm. [fo̯ále] 'bellows'	Pr. [ʊ́tres̺] Fr. [útχ_ə.z]^fem It. [ótri] Sp. [óðɾes̺] Pt. [óðɾɨʃ] Arom. utri
uuas	grapes	racemos	CL for 'clusters, bunches' often in reference to grapes.	Pr. [rakíːmos̺] O.Fr [rai̯dzíns̺] Fr. [ʁɛzɛ̃_z] Oc. [razíns̺] Ct. [rə.íms̺] 'grapes' Sp. [raθímos̺] Pt. [ʁɐsímuʃ] 'clusters'	Pr. [úːβas̺] Rs. ieuvas It. [úːve] Dl. [jói̯.ve] Sd. [úːaza] Sp. [úβas̺] Pt. [úvɐʃ] Rm. dial aue
uuas	grapes	racemos	CL for 'clusters, bunches' often in reference to grapes.	Pr. [rakíːmʊli]^dim It. [raʧíːmoli] 'clusters'

Notes et références

Notes

Lire: abeo.
Lire: abietarii.
Lire: castro.
Lire: crabrones.
Lire: cribro.
Lire: cingulum.
Lire: furentur.
Lire: habenas.
Lire: harundine.
Lire: hebetatum.
Lire: hyacinthinas.
Lire: labrum.
Lire: papula.
Lire: polenta.
Lire: malus clavus.
Lire: tero.

The [i̯s̺] ending is of uncertain origin. It may have been taken from *trasjo < Classical Latin transeo 'I cross'[4] The resulting *vau̯sjo would then yield vois by regular developments.
The superscript x[5] indicates that this word lengthens the initial consonant of a following word, a phenomenon known as raddoppiamento fonosintattico or 'phonosyntactic doubling'. Usually (but not in the case of vo) this indicates that the first word historically ended in a consonant which tended to assimilate to the following word.
Old Spanish had [βo], as expected. The origin of the later [i̯] is debated. It may either reflect O.Sp y 'there' or be the result of contamination from the following pronoun in the phrase vo-yo 'I go'.[6].
Compounded with [pɔɾku] 'pig'.
Which, combined with the definite article al, was borrowed into Spanish as [alˈkaθaɾ].
With remnants of the prefix ex[12].
Initial consonant probably taken from Latin perdix, 'partridge'[16].
Variant of O.Fr [vɛspəs] (from Latin vespas) with the initial consonant taken from the Frankish word[17] Germanic /w/ was borrowed into Romance as /gw/.[18].
In the Sursilvan dialect, masculine singular -s survives as a predicative ending in adjectives. E.g. il paun ei cars 'the bread is expensive'[20].
With an early change in suffix from -ia to -ía.[26]
Unexpected [i] due to influence from unrelated chemin 'path, way' via folk-etymology.[28]
Future stem of aller 'to go'.
With spontaneous and irregular nasalization[29].
Old Portuguese had the expected form [si].
Still refers to a measure of land in some dialects[30].
[ad] possibly taken from O.Sp granada[31].
The nasal element is of unknown origin[29].
The preceding asterisk indicates that these words, in isolation, would be ungrammatical in modern French. The complete phrase would have to be il n'épargna pas.
Nasalization came from an /n/ that was added in Middle French, under the influence of CL monstrare[33].
Restoration of intervocalic /p/ possibly the result of onomatopoeia for the flapping of a butterfly's wings[34].
Later replaced by dim. [klaˈβɛl] in order to distinguish it from [klau̯] 'key'.

In O.Fr the initial vowel of this verb could be either [a] or [ɛ] depending on stress. Consider the following examples:
Pr. [ˈaːmat] 'he loves' > [ˈai̯məθ] > [ˈɛmə]
Pr. [aˈmaːta] 'beloved' > [aˈmæðə] > [aˈmɛə]
Subsequently [ɛ] spread to all conjugations, resulting in modern French [ɛme] 'beloved' instead of *[ame][19].
Modern [despoxaɾon]
Old Italian variant chiovo and modern chiodo appear to both have been influenced by words like chiudere 'shut' and chiostra 'enclosure', from Latin claudere and claustrum.
Final -s drawn by analogy from adverbs that already ended with this sound in Latin, such as mielz, mais < melius, magis[35].
There is a single attestation of the participle envengud in Old French. The word is otherwise nowhere to be found.
Modern [kuɾtinɐ], without palatal [ɲ], possibly borrowed from neighboring languages or Latin.
Devoicing from v to f is unusual and of disputed origin.
With root modified to match [sœl] 'alone'.
The expected outcome would have been [ʁɛmə]. The modern form appears to have taken its initial vowel from the original diminutive rameau, where the a was unstressed and hence did not change to [ɛ][38].
Replaced in most dialects, including the standard, with toupeira < talparia.
Modern Italian has [nwo'taːɾe], which is an unexpected form. Its origin lies in rhizotonic conjugations of notare, where the initial vowel was diphthongized to [wɔː]. This diphthong later spread to arrhizotonic forms by analogy[40].
Diminutive of ueru. Geminate r taken from ferru 'iron'[41]
Back-formation from O.Fr plural [veroʎts]> [verus].[42] The expected outcome of the singular [veroʎ] would have been *[vɛʁuj], cf. fenouil < *fenuclu.
Modern [θeroxo], with the initial consonant taken from cerrar 'to shut'[43]
Modern [fɨʁoʎu], with the initial consonant taken from ferro 'iron'.[43].

Références

(es) Quirós, « Las Glosas De Reichenau », Filología y Lingüística, vol. 12,‎ 1986, p. 43 (lire en ligne, consulté le 10 avril 2016)
Diament, « A New Hypothesis of the origin of French Aller », WORD, vol. 24, n^os 1–3,‎ 1968, p. 73–80 (DOI 10.1080/00437956.1968.11435516)
Alkire et Rosen 2010.
Pope 1934, p. 362
Per Hall (1981), p. 21
Lloyd 1994, p. 355-358
Adams 2008, p. 333
Pei, Mario (1941). The Italian Language. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 78, 150.
Marchot, Paul., Petite phonétique du français prélittéraire VI^e - X^e siècles, B. Veith, 1901, 75 p. (OCLC 490776563)
Henry Fowler, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English., Oxford University Press, 18 août 2011, 116 p. (ISBN 978-0-19-969612-3, OCLC 863588999)
Alkire et Rosen 2010, p. 62–63.
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/schimb
Rossi, Mario, 1928-, Dictionnaire étymologique et ethnologique des parlers brionnais : Bourgogne du Sud, 2004, 144 p. (ISBN 978-2-7483-0533-3, OCLC 1033714396)
https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/caille
Ernout, Alfred; Meillet, Antoine (2001), “coacula”, with additions and corrections of André J., 4th edition, Paris: Klincksieck, page 331
https://dexonline.ro/definitie/pot%C3%A2rniche
https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/gu%C3%AApe
Akire & Rosen 2010, p.53
Akire&Rosen, p. 115)
Loporcaro., Gender from Latin to Romance, 2018, 76–77 p. (ISBN 978-0-19-184810-0, OCLC 999667793)
(es) sollar, Real Academia Española, 2014 (lire en ligne)
Akire et Rosen 2010, p. 176–177.
Sampson, Rodney, Nasal vowel evolution in Romance, Oxford University Press, 2011, 93 p. (ISBN 978-0-19-823848-5, OCLC 907242046)
Adams 2008, p.315
(de) Reinhard Kiesler, Einführung in die Problematik des Vulgärlateins, Tübingen, Niemeyer, 2006, p. 91
Malkiel, Yakov (1944). "The Etymology of Portuguese Iguaria". Language. 20 (3): 108. doi:10.2307/410151. ISSN 0097-8507.
Posner, Rebecca., The Romance languages, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996, 14 p. (ISBN 0-521-23654-1, OCLC 231685450)
https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/chemin%C3%A9e
Bichakjian, Bernard Hayck., From Linguistics to Literature: Romance Studies Offered to Francis M. Rogers, J. Benjamins B.V, 1981, 32 p. (OCLC 877942077)
https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/academie8/journal
https://www.etymonline.com/word/grenade#etymonline_v_11960
Elcock, W. D., The Romance languages, Faber and Faber, 1975, 71 p. (OCLC 604561391)
https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/montrer
https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/papillon
Jensen, Frede, Old French and Comparative Gallo-Romance Syntax, 2 janvier 2012, 398 p. (ISBN 978-3-11-093816-6, OCLC 979590633)
James Anderson et Bernard Rochet, Historical romance morphology, University Microfilms International, 1979, 267 p. (ISBN 9780835704625)
Jensen, Frede., The Syntax of Medieval Occitan, 1986, 3 p. (ISBN 978-3-11-132927-7, OCLC 979596835)
https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/rame
Alkire et Rosen 2010, p. 320.
Akire & Rosen 2010, p. 113
Malkiel, Yakov., From Particular to General Linguistics: Selected Essays 1965-1978. With an introduction by the author, an index rerum and an index nominum., John Benjamins Pub. Co, 1983, 474 p. (ISBN 978-90-272-8315-3, OCLC 742333651)
https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/verrou
Malkiel, p. 474
Lévy, Emil., Petit dictionnaire provençal - français, C. Winter, 1973, 6 p. (ISBN 3-533-01393-6, OCLC 611288082)

Adams J.N. 2007. The Regional Diversification of Latin. Cambridge University Press.
Alkire, Ti; Rosen, Carol. 2010. Romance Languages: A Historical Introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hall, Robert Anderson. 1976. Proto-Romance Phonology. New York: Elsevier.
—. 1981. Proto-Romance Morphology. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Ferguson, Thaddeus. 1976. A History of the Romance Vowel Systems through Paradigmatic Reconstruction. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Jensen, Frede. 1972. From Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal. University of North Carolina Press.
Lewis, Charlton; Short, Charles. 1879. A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Lloyd, Paul M. (987. From Latin to Spanish. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
Pope, Mildred K. 1934) From Latin to French, with Especial Consideration of Anglo-Norman. Manchester University Press.

Portail de la linguistique

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[4] Lire: abeo.

[11] Lire: abietarii.

[17] Lire: castro.

[27] Lire: crabrones.

[31] Lire: cribro.

[35] Lire: cingulum.

[39] Lire: furentur.

[41] Lire: habenas.

[43] Lire: harundine.

[44] Lire: hebetatum.

[45] Lire: hyacinthinas.

[58] Lire: labrum.

[68] Lire: papula.

[69] Lire: polenta.

[70] Lire: malus clavus.

[85] Lire: tero.

[6] The [i̯s̺] ending is of uncertain origin. It may have been taken from *trasjo < Classical Latin transeo 'I cross'[4] The resulting *vau̯sjo would then yield vois by regular developments.

[8] The superscript x[5] indicates that this word lengthens the initial consonant of a following word, a phenomenon known as raddoppiamento fonosintattico or 'phonosyntactic doubling'. Usually (but not in the case of vo) this indicates that the first word historically ended in a consonant which tended to assimilate to the following word.

[10] Old Spanish had [βo], as expected. The origin of the later [i̯] is debated. It may either reflect O.Sp y 'there' or be the result of contamination from the following pronoun in the phrase vo-yo 'I go'.[6].

[14] Compounded with [pɔɾku] 'pig'.

[18] Which, combined with the definite article al, was borrowed into Spanish as [alˈkaθaɾ].

[21] With remnants of the prefix ex[12].

[26] Initial consonant probably taken from Latin perdix, 'partridge'[16].

[30] Variant of O.Fr [vɛspəs] (from Latin vespas) with the initial consonant taken from the Frankish word[17] Germanic /w/ was borrowed into Romance as /gw/.[18].

[37] In the Sursilvan dialect, masculine singular -s survives as a predicative ending in adjectives. E.g. il paun ei cars 'the bread is expensive'[20].

[49] With an early change in suffix from -ia to -ía.[26]

[52] Unexpected [i] due to influence from unrelated chemin 'path, way' via folk-etymology.[28]

[53] Future stem of aller 'to go'.

[55] With spontaneous and irregular nasalization[29].
Old Portuguese had the expected form [si].

[57] Still refers to a measure of land in some dialects[30].

[60] [ad] possibly taken from O.Sp granada[31].

[61] The nasal element is of unknown origin[29].

[62] The preceding asterisk indicates that these words, in isolation, would be ungrammatical in modern French. The complete phrase would have to be il n'épargna pas.

[65] Nasalization came from an /n/ that was added in Middle French, under the influence of CL monstrare[33].

[67] Restoration of intervocalic /p/ possibly the result of onomatopoeia for the flapping of a butterfly's wings[34].

[71] Later replaced by dim. [klaˈβɛl] in order to distinguish it from [klau̯] 'key'.

[33] In O.Fr the initial vowel of this verb could be either [a] or [ɛ] depending on stress. Consider the following examples:
Pr. [ˈaːmat] 'he loves' > [ˈai̯məθ] > [ˈɛmə]
Pr. [aˈmaːta] 'beloved' > [aˈmæðə] > [aˈmɛə]
Subsequently [ɛ] spread to all conjugations, resulting in modern French [ɛme] 'beloved' instead of *[ame][19].

[34] Modern [despoxaɾon]

[72] Old Italian variant chiovo and modern chiodo appear to both have been influenced by words like chiudere 'shut' and chiostra 'enclosure', from Latin claudere and claustrum.

[74] Final -s drawn by analogy from adverbs that already ended with this sound in Latin, such as mielz, mais < melius, magis[35].

[75] There is a single attestation of the participle envengud in Old French. The word is otherwise nowhere to be found.

[76] Modern [kuɾtinɐ], without palatal [ɲ], possibly borrowed from neighboring languages or Latin.

[77] Devoicing from v to f is unusual and of disputed origin.

[78] With root modified to match [sœl] 'alone'.

[82] The expected outcome would have been [ʁɛmə]. The modern form appears to have taken its initial vowel from the original diminutive rameau, where the a was unstressed and hence did not change to [ɛ][38].

[83] Replaced in most dialects, including the standard, with toupeira < talparia.

[87] Modern Italian has [nwo'taːɾe], which is an unexpected form. Its origin lies in rhizotonic conjugations of notare, where the initial vowel was diphthongized to [wɔː]. This diphthong later spread to arrhizotonic forms by analogy[40].

[89] Diminutive of ueru. Geminate r taken from ferru 'iron'[41]

[91] Back-formation from O.Fr plural [veroʎts]> [verus].[42] The expected outcome of the singular [veroʎ] would have been *[vɛʁuj], cf. fenouil < *fenuclu.

[93] Modern [θeroxo], with the initial consonant taken from cerrar 'to shut'[43]

[94] Modern [fɨʁoʎu], with the initial consonant taken from ferro 'iron'.[43].

[1] (es) Quirós, « Las Glosas De Reichenau », Filología y Lingüística, vol. 12,‎ 1986, p. 43 (lire en ligne, consulté le 10 avril 2016)

[2] Diament, « A New Hypothesis of the origin of French Aller », WORD, vol. 24, n^os 1–3,‎ 1968, p. 73–80 (DOI 10.1080/00437956.1968.11435516)

[AlkireRosen2010-3] Alkire et Rosen 2010.

[5] Pope 1934, p. 362

[7] Per Hall (1981), p. 21

[9] Lloyd 1994, p. 355-358

[12] Adams 2008, p. 333

[13] Pei, Mario (1941). The Italian Language. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 78, 150.

[15] Marchot, Paul., Petite phonétique du français prélittéraire VI^e - X^e siècles, B. Veith, 1901, 75 p. (OCLC 490776563)

[16] Henry Fowler, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English., Oxford University Press, 18 août 2011, 116 p. (ISBN 978-0-19-969612-3, OCLC 863588999)

[AlkireRosen201062–63-19] Alkire et Rosen 2010, p. 62–63.

[20] ttps://dexonline.ro/definitie/schimb

[22] Rossi, Mario, 1928-, Dictionnaire étymologique et ethnologique des parlers brionnais : Bourgogne du Sud, 2004, 144 p. (ISBN 978-2-7483-0533-3, OCLC 1033714396)

[23] ttps://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/caille

[24] Ernout, Alfred; Meillet, Antoine (2001), “coacula”, with additions and corrections of André J., 4th edition, Paris: Klincksieck, page 331

[25] ttps://dexonline.ro/definitie/pot%C3%A2rniche

[28] ttps://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/gu%C3%AApe

[29] Akire & Rosen 2010, p.53

[32] Akire&Rosen, p. 115)

[36] Loporcaro., Gender from Latin to Romance, 2018, 76–77 p. (ISBN 978-0-19-184810-0, OCLC 999667793)

[38] (es) sollar, Real Academia Española, 2014 (lire en ligne)

[AkireRosen2010176–177-40] Akire et Rosen 2010, p. 176–177.

[42] Sampson, Rodney, Nasal vowel evolution in Romance, Oxford University Press, 2011, 93 p. (ISBN 978-0-19-823848-5, OCLC 907242046)

[46] Adams 2008, p.315

[47] (de) Reinhard Kiesler, Einführung in die Problematik des Vulgärlateins, Tübingen, Niemeyer, 2006, p. 91

[48] Malkiel, Yakov (1944). "The Etymology of Portuguese Iguaria". Language. 20 (3): 108. doi:10.2307/410151. ISSN 0097-8507.

[50] Posner, Rebecca., The Romance languages, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996, 14 p. (ISBN 0-521-23654-1, OCLC 231685450)

[51] ttps://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/chemin%C3%A9e

[Bichakjian,_Bernard_Hayck._1981_32-54] Bichakjian, Bernard Hayck., From Linguistics to Literature: Romance Studies Offered to Francis M. Rogers, J. Benjamins B.V, 1981, 32 p. (OCLC 877942077)

[56] ttps://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/academie8/journal

[59] ttps://www.etymonline.com/word/grenade#etymonline_v_11960

[63] Elcock, W. D., The Romance languages, Faber and Faber, 1975, 71 p. (OCLC 604561391)

[64] ttps://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/montrer

[66] ttps://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/papillon

[73] Jensen, Frede, Old French and Comparative Gallo-Romance Syntax, 2 janvier 2012, 398 p. (ISBN 978-3-11-093816-6, OCLC 979590633)

[79] James Anderson et Bernard Rochet, Historical romance morphology, University Microfilms International, 1979, 267 p. (ISBN 9780835704625)

[80] Jensen, Frede., The Syntax of Medieval Occitan, 1986, 3 p. (ISBN 978-3-11-132927-7, OCLC 979596835)

[81] ttps://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/rame

[AR320-84] Alkire et Rosen 2010, p. 320.

[86] Akire & Rosen 2010, p. 113

[88] Malkiel, Yakov., From Particular to General Linguistics: Selected Essays 1965-1978. With an introduction by the author, an index rerum and an index nominum., John Benjamins Pub. Co, 1983, 474 p. (ISBN 978-90-272-8315-3, OCLC 742333651)

[90] ttps://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/verrou

[Malkiel,_p._474-92] Malkiel, p. 474

[95] Lévy, Emil., Petit dictionnaire provençal - français, C. Winter, 1973, 6 p. (ISBN 3-533-01393-6, OCLC 611288082)